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MED 107- MEDICAL PHYSICS II > 39. NUCLEAR MEDICINE > Flashcards

39. NUCLEAR MEDICINE Flashcards

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1
Q
  1. What does Nuclear Medicine consist of?
A
  • it consists of a range of diagnostic and therapeutic
    procedures
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2
Q
  1. What do these diagnostic and therapeutic procedures make sure of?
A
  • Radioisotopes
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3
Q
  1. Why do they make use of Radioisotopes?
A
  • these can penetrate tissue
  • they can be detected by the outside body
  • their distribution throughout the body can be
    determined
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4
Q
  1. When can we use Beta (β) Particle emitters?
A
  • when the diagnostic test involves measuring samples
  • these are taken from a patient
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5
Q
  1. What kind of particle emission is more desirable when we are dealing with therapeutic work?
A
  • the emission of Beta Particles
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6
Q
  1. List 2 reasons as to why Beta Particles are preferred?
A
  1. They have a short range in tissue
  2. They an deliver high radiation doses
    (this is due to the location of the radioisotope)
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7
Q
  1. What do we use Radio-iodine (I¹³³) for?
A
  • Thyroid Gland Treatments
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8
Q
  1. What can be said about the absorption of Gamma Rays by the Human Body?
A
  • they are extremely strong
  • these rays do not get absorbed by the human body
  • they simply pass through
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9
Q
  1. What can be said about the absorption of Beta Rays by the Human Body?
A
  • they are absorbed in the dermis
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10
Q
  1. What can be said about the absorption of Alpha Rays by the Human Body?
A
  • they are absorbed in the dermis
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11
Q
  1. Who discovered natural radioactivity?
A
  • Henri Becquerel
  • he did this in 1896
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12
Q
  1. What did Henri Becquerel explain?
A
  • he explained the macroscopic kinetics of Radioactive
    decay
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13
Q
  1. Name the scientists that paved the way of Nuclear Medicine?
A
  • Marie Sklodowska-Curie
  • Pierre Curie
  • Ernest Rutherford
  • Frederick Soddy
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14
Q
  1. How long did it take for the radioactive decay modes to be fully understood?
A
  • several decades
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15
Q
  1. Where can radioactive nuclides occur in?
A

THEY CAN OCCUR IN:
- nature
- they can be man made

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16
Q
  1. What kind of stability do Radioactive Nuclides have?
A
  • they are unstable
  • they do not have the same number of protons and
    neutrons
  • they try to reach more stable configurations
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17
Q
  1. How do the Radioactive Nuclides reach more stable nuclear configurations?
A
  • they do this through various processes of spontaneous
    radioactive decay
18
Q
  1. List the 6 main categories of Radioactive Decay?
A
  1. Alpha (⍺) Decay
  2. Beta (β) Decay
  3. Gamma (y) Decay
    - and Internal Conversion (IC)
  4. Spontaneous Fission (SF)
  5. Proton Emission (PE) Decay
  6. Neutron Emission (NE) Decay
19
Q
  1. What usually accompanies Nuclear Transformations?
A
  • the emission of energetic particles
20
Q
  1. There are many decay modes in which these energetic particles are released.
    Name the first 6.
A
  1. Alpha (⍺) particles
    - this happens through Alpha Decay
  2. Electrons in Beta (β) - Decay
  3. Positrons in Beta (β) + Decay
  4. Neutrinos in Beta (β) + Decay
  5. Anti-neutrinos in Beta (β) - Decay
  6. Gamma (y) rays in Gamma (y) Decay
    - these rays are electromagnetic
    - they are similar to X-Rays
    - they have more energy
21
Q
  1. There are many decay modes in which these energetic particles are released.
    Name the next 4.
A
  1. Atomic Orbital Electrons in Internal Conversion (IC)
  2. Neutrons in Spontaneous Fission
    - and in Neuton Emission Decay
  3. Heavier nuclei in Spontaneous Fission
  4. Protons in Proton Emission
22
Q
  1. What is an Alpha Particle?
A
  • it is a high energy Helium nuclei
  • it consists of two protons
  • it consists of two neutrons
23
Q
  1. What is a Beta Particle?
A
  • these are high energy electrons
24
Q
  1. What is a Positron?
A
  • these are particles with the same mass as an electron
  • they have 1 unit of positive charge
25
Q
  1. What is a Proton?
A
  • these are nuclei of Hydrogen atoms
26
Q
  1. What is a Neutron?
A
  • these are particles with a mass that is approximately
    equal to that of a proton
  • but it has no charge
27
Q
  1. What is a Gamma Ray?
A
  • these is very high energy electromagnetic radiation
28
Q
  1. There are specific physical quantities that must be conserved in each nuclear transformation.
    List all 5 of the most important ones.
A
  1. Total Energy
  2. Atomic Number
    (Proton Number)
  3. Momentum
  4. Charge
  5. Atomic Mass Number
    (Number of nucleons)
29
Q
  1. How can Nuclear Stability be achieved in low
    atomic (Z) elements?
A

NUCLEAR STABILITY IS ACHIEVED:
- when the number of neutrons (N) is approximately
equal to the number of protons (Z)

30
Q
  1. What happens to the ratio of Neutrons to Protons
    (N/Z) as the atomic number increases?
A
  • the N/Z ratio increases from 1
  • to about 1.5
31
Q
  1. What happens when a nucleus has a N/Z that is too high for Nuclear Stability?
A
  • there is an excess number of neutrons present
  • a direct emission of a neutron is possible
  • this is called Neutron Rich
32
Q
  1. What happens when a Nucleus is Neutron rich?
A
  • it decays through a conversion
  • this conversion is of a neutron into a proton

THIS CONVERSION EMITS:
- an electron
- an anti-neutrino

NB:
- this process is known as Beta (β) - Decay

33
Q
  1. What are some similarities between Neutrinos and Anti-Neutrinos?
A
  • they are the same sub-particles
  • they have no mass
  • they have no charge
34
Q
  1. What is the difference between Neutrinos and Anti-Neutrinos?
A
  • they have different spin
  • this maintains angular momentum during Beta - Decay
35
Q
  1. What happens when the nucleus has a N/Z ratio that is too low for Nuclear Stability?
A
  • there is an excess number of Protons
  • this is known as proton Rich
36
Q
  1. What happens when the Nucleus is Proton Rich?
A
  • it decays through a conversion
  • this conversion is of a proton into a neutron

THIS EMITS:
- a positron
- a neutrino

NB:
- this process is called Beta (β) + Decay

37
Q
  1. If a nucleus does not undergo Beta (B) + Decay, what other process can is partake in?
A
  • the nucleus may capture an orbital electron
  • it transforms a proton into a neutron
  • it emits a neutrino

THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS:
- Electron Capture

38
Q
  1. What other method is there, is the nucleus does not undergo Beta (B) + Decay nor Electron Capture?
A
  • the direct emission of a proton
  • this is less likely

UNLESS:
- the nuclear imbalance is very high

39
Q
  1. Does this diagram make sense?
A
  • yes
40
Q
  1. Does this diagram make sense?
A
  • yes

MED 107- MEDICAL PHYSICS II (108 decks)

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