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Neuroendocrine > 6. Pharyngeal Arches > Flashcards

6. Pharyngeal Arches Flashcards

1
Q

Components of the pharyngeal apparatus

A

Arches, pouches, grooves, & membranes

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2
Q

Pharyngeal apparatus contributes to formation of what structures?

A

Nasal cavities, mouth, larynx, pharynx, and neck

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3
Q

When do pharyngeal arches develop?

A

4th week from NCC

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4
Q

1st pair of arches

A

Primordial jaws (lateral to developing pharynx)

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5
Q

Rudimentary and not visible on surface of embryo

A

5th/6th arches

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6
Q

Embryonic layers of the pharyngeal arches

A

Core of mesoderm and mesenchyme / external ectoderm / internal endoderm

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7
Q

Functions of the pharyngeal arches

A

Support the lateral walls of primordial pharynx and give rise to prominence of tissue that contribute to craniofacial development

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8
Q

Connective tissue in the head (dermis and SM)

A

NCC-derived mesenchyme

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9
Q

populates each arch to form PA musculature

A

paraxial mesoderm

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10
Q

angioblasts differentiate into endothelium

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

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11
Q

Extraocular musculature

A

Prechordal plate mesoderm

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12
Q

Structures of pharyngeal arches

A

Cartilaginous rod, muscular component, cranial nerves, and arch artery

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13
Q

Forms malleus and incus

A

Meckel’s cartilage (cartilage of PA1)

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14
Q

Perichondrium forms anterior ligament of malleus and sphenomandibular ligament

A

Meckel’s cartilage (cartilage of PA1)

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15
Q

Ventral parts form primordium of mandible

A

Meckel’s cartilage (cartilage of PA1)

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16
Q

Where do the bones form with relation to Meckel’s cartilage?

A

Lateral to the cartilage

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17
Q

Dorsal region contributes to stapes and styloid process of the temporal bone then disintegrates

A

Riechert’s cartilage (cartilage of PA2)

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18
Q

Perichondrium forms stylohyoid ligament

A

Riechert’s cartilage (cartilage of PA2)

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19
Q

Ossification of ventral end forms lesser cornu/horn of hyoid bone

A

Riechert’s cartilage (cartilage of PA2)

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20
Q

Ossification forms greater cornu of hyoid bone

A

Third arch cartilage

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21
Q

What forms the body of the hyoid bone?

A

Hypopharyngeal eminence

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22
Q

Prominence in the floor of embryonic pharynx (from PA3 and PA4)

A

Hypopharyngeal eminence

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23
Q

Laryngeal cartilage + epiglottis

A

Fourth arch cartilage

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24
Q

Where is the epiglottis derived from?

A

NCC

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25
Q

Laryngeal cartilage (only)

A

Sixth arch cartilage

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26
Q

Where are the muscular components of the PAs derived from?

A

Paraxial mesoderm and prechordal plate

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27
Q

Muscles of the 1st pharyngeal arch

A

Muscles of mastication (CN V)

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28
Q

Muscles of the 2nd pharyngeal arch

A

Stapedius m. & muscles of facial expression (CN VII)

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29
Q

Muscles of the 3rd pharyngeal arch

A

Stylopharyngeus m. (CN IX)

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30
Q

Muscles of the 4th pharyngeal arch

A

Cricothyroid m., levator veli palatini m., and constrictors of pharynx m. (CN X)

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31
Q

Muscles of the 6th pharyngeal arch

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx (CN X)

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32
Q

What innervates the 1st pharyngeal arch?

A

Trigeminal nerve (CN V)

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33
Q

What innervates the 2nd pharyngeal arch?

A

Facial nerve (CN VII)

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34
Q

What innervates the 3rd arch?

A

Glossopharyngeal nerve (CN IX)

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35
Q

What innervates that 4th-6th arches?

A

Vagus nerve (CN X)

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36
Q

What innervates the 4th pharyngeal arch (specific)?

A

Superior laryngeal branch of CN X & its recurrent laryngeal branch

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37
Q

(1) How many pairs of arteries form the aortic arch artery system? (2) Where do they arise from?

A

(1) 5, (2) aortic sac

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38
Q

Basket-like structure arising from dorsal aorta

A

Aortic sac (forms great arteries of thorax and head/neck)

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39
Q

Arteries from the (1) ______ are bilateral; arteries from the (2) _____ are asymmetrical.

A

(1) 1st - 3rd aortic arch arteries, (2) 4th & 6th aortic arch arteries

40
Q

Where are pharyngeal grooves located?

A

Between pharyngeal arches

41
Q

What are the pharyngeal grooves covered by?

A

Ectoderm

42
Q

What does the 1st pharyngeal groove become?

A

External acoustic meatus

43
Q

Where do the grooves of 2-4 lie?

A

Cervical sinus

44
Q

When pharyngeal endoderm lines the pharynx internally, what is created?

A

Pharyngeal pouches

45
Q

Where are the 5 pharyngeal pouches found?

A

Craniocaudal sequence between the arches (ie: 1st pair lies between 1st and 2nd arches)

46
Q
  • Remnants of cervical sinus and/or 2nd groove
  • Persist and form a slowly enlarging, painless, free-lying cyst in the neck (inferior to the angle of the mandible)
  • Accumulation of fluid and cellular debris derived from desquamation of their epithelial linings
A

Cervical cysts

47
Q
  • Failure of the 2nd PA groove and cervical sinus to obliterate
  • Detected due to discharge of mucus
  • Typically bilateral and commonly associated with auricular sinuses
A

Cervical sinus

48
Q
  • Abnormal canal that opens into the tonsillar sinus and externally in the side of the neck
  • Persistence of parts of 2nd groove and pouch
A

Cervical fistula

49
Q

Where pouch endoderm contacts ectoderm of pharyngeal grooves

A

Pharyngeal membranes

50
Q

Pharyngeal membranes are quickly infiltrated by ______.

A

Mesenchyme

51
Q

What forms the tympanic membrane?

A

1st pharyngeal membrane and intervening mesenchyme

52
Q

From what arch does the thymic primordium develop?

A

Pharyngeal arch 3 endoderm (comprised of epithelial cords)

53
Q

3 functions of the epithelial cords

A

(1) Grow into surrounding mesenchyme > thymic lobules, (2) become arranged around central point > thymic corpuscles, (3) form epithelial reticulum for housing lymphocytes

54
Q

Are growth and development of the thymus complete at birth?

A

No.

55
Q

When is the thymus most active?

A

During childhood (then it involuted)

56
Q

What is the first endocrine gland to develop?

A

Thyroid gland (From thyroid primordium)

57
Q

What does the thyroid gland form from?

A

Median endoderm thickening in floor of the primordial pharynx > descends in neck w/ tongue growth then passes ventral to the developing hyoid bone and cartilages

58
Q

Connects tongue and thyroid gland

A

Thyroglossal duct

59
Q

Malformation of eyes, ears, mandible, and palate

A

First arch syndrome

60
Q

What does 1st arch syndrome result from?

A

Insufficient migration of NCC into the 1st arch during the 4th week

61
Q
  • Malar hypoplasia w/ down-slanting palpebral fissures
  • Defects of the lower eyelids
  • Deformed external ear (sometimes middle and internal ears)
A

Treacher-Collins syndrome (mandibulofacial dysostosis)

62
Q

Treacher-Collins syndrome mutation

A

Autosomal dominant, mutation in TCOF-1 (Treacher Collins-Franceschetti syndrome 1)

63
Q

Functions of TCOF1 gene

A
  • Encodes for TREACLE (involved in ribosome biogenesis)
  • Truncated in TCS leading to increased apoptosis of cranial NCC
64
Q
  • Typically occurs de novo
  • Associated with hypoplasia of the mandible, cleft palate, & duvets of the eyes and ears
A

Pierre Robin sequence

65
Q

Micrognathia

A

Small mandible (initiating defect in Pierre Robin sequence)

66
Q

Physical features of Pierre Robin sequence

A

Micrognathia > posterior displacement of the tongue > obstruction of full closure of palate > bilateral cleft palate

67
Q

Absence of thyroid gland or one of its lobes (rare)

A

Agenesis of thyroid gland

68
Q

Unilateral failure of thyroid formation (left lobe more commonly absent); likely mutation in receptor for TSH

A

Thyroid hemiagenesis

69
Q
  • Breakdown of signaling from PA endoderm to NCC
  • Agenesis of thymus and parathyroid glands
  • Congenital hypoparathyroidism
  • Shortened philtrum of upper lip, low-set, and notched ears
  • Nasal clefts and thyroid hypoplasia
  • Cardiac abnormalities
A

DiGeroge Syndrome

70
Q

PA1 artery

A

Terminal branch of maxillary artery

71
Q

PA2 artery

A

Stapedial artery (embryonic) and caroticotympanic artery (adult)

72
Q

PA3 artery

A

CCA, root of ICA

73
Q

PA4 artery

A

Arch of aorta (left), right subclavian artery, original sprouts of pulmonary arteries

74
Q

PA6 artery

A

Ductus arteriosus and roots of definitive pulmonary arteries

75
Q

PA1 muscles

A

Muscles of mastication

76
Q

PA2 muscles

A

Muscles of facial expression

77
Q

PA3 muscles

A

Stylopharyngeus m.

78
Q

PA4 muscles

A

Constrictors of pharynx, cricothyroid, levator veli palatini m.

79
Q

PA6 muscles

A

Intrinsic muscles of the larynx (except cricothyroid)

80
Q

PA1 ligaments

A

Anterior ligament of malleus and spheno-mandibular ligament

81
Q

PA2 ligament

A

Stylohyoid ligament

82
Q

PA1 skeletal elements

A
83
Q

PA2 skeletal elements

A
84
Q

PA3 skeletal elements

A
85
Q

PA4 skeletal elements

A
86
Q

PA6 skeletal elements

A
87
Q

Where does the arch artery arise from? What is its route?

A

(1) truncus arteriosus of the heart
(2) passes around primordial pharynx to enter the dorsal aorta

88
Q

1st pouch expands into ____

A

tubotympanic recess > tymanic cavity & mastoid antrum

89
Q

1st pouch elongates to form _____-

A

pharyngotympanic tube

90
Q

Portion of the 2nd pouch forms ____.

A

tonsillar sinus

91
Q

When endoderm of 2nd pouch proliferates, ____ is formed.

A

tonsillar epithelium

92
Q

When mesenchyme of the 2nd pouch differentiates, _____ of palatine tonsil is formed.

A

lymphoid nodules

93
Q
  1. Dorsal portion of the 3rd pouch differentiates into ____.
  2. Ventral portions of the 3rd pouch form ____.
A
  1. inferior parathyroid gland
  2. thymus
94
Q

Describe migration of the 3rd pouch.

A

caudal migration due to growth of brain and cardiac regions

95
Q

Dorsal portion of the 4th pouch differentiates into ___.

A

superior parathyroid glands

96
Q

(1) ____ fuses with thyroid gland to give rise to (2) _____

A
  1. Ultimobranchial body
  2. Parafollicular cells

Neuroendocrine (30 decks)

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