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Neuroendocrine > 12. Eye and Eye Movements > Flashcards

12. Eye and Eye Movements Flashcards

1
Q

bones of the orbit

A
  • frontal
  • ethmoid
  • sphenoid
  • zygomatic
  • lacrimal
  • maxillary
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2
Q

sinus relationships of the eye

A
  • frontal
  • ethmoid
  • maxillary
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3
Q

in what direction does an orbital wall blow-out fracture typically occur

A

medially and inferiorly (involving maxillary bone)

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4
Q
  • caused by indirect trauma
  • orbital contents may prolape and become entrapped in maxillary sinus
    • diplopia, globe ptosis, exophthalmous
A

orbital blowout fx

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5
Q

axes of the orbit diverge at a ___ degree angle

A

45

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6
Q

on what axis does abduction/adduction occur?

A

vertical axis

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7
Q

on what axis does elevation or depression occur?

A

horizontal axis

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8
Q

on what axis does medial rotation/lateral rotation occur?

A

AP axis

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9
Q

elevates the superior eyelid

A

levator palpebrae superioris m.

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10
Q

abducts, depresses, medially rotates eyeball

A

superior oblique m.

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11
Q

abducts, elevates, and laterally rotates eyeball

A

inferior oblique m.

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12
Q

elevates, adducts, and rotates eyeball medially

A

superior rectus m.

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13
Q

depresses, adducts, and rotates eyeball laterally

A

inferior rectus m.

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14
Q

adducts eyeball

A

medial rectus m.

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15
Q

abducts eyeball

A

lateral rectus m.

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16
Q

When the eye is abducted by the lateral rectus, what muscles produce elevation and depression?

A

superior and inferior rectus, respectively

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17
Q

When the eye is adducted by the medial rectus, only what muscles can produce elevation and depression?

A

oblique muscles

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18
Q

main arterial supply of eye and its origin

A

ophthalmic a. comes from ICA

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19
Q

Where do the superior and inferior ophthalmic veins drain into?

A

cavernous sinus

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20
Q

vascular structure encircling anterior chamber of eyeball through which aqueous humor is returned to the blood circulation

A

scleral venous sinus

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21
Q
  • head tilts away from affected side
  • diplopia worse on downward gaze
A

trochlear palsy

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22
Q

cannot look laterally w/ affected eye

A

abducens palsy

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23
Q

“down and out eye”

A

loss of ocular innervation

SO and LR intact

*type of oculomotor palsy*

24
Q

loss of innervation to levator palpebrae superioris m.

A

complete ptosis

*type of oculomotor palsy*

25
Q

loss of parasympatheitc innervation to pupil causes ___

A

pupil dilation

*type of oculomotor palsy*

26
Q

Horner syndome

A

interrupted sympathetic nerve supply

characteristics:

  • miosis: constricted pupil
  • ptosis: drooping superior eyelid
  • anhydrosis: absence of sweating
  • vasodilation: increased temp of skin + redness
27
Q

pupillary light reflex

A
  1. light sensed by CN II will synapse in pretectal nucleus
  2. cells from pretectal nucleus synapse in Edinger-Westphal nucleus
  3. preganglionic parasympathetic neurons travel with CN III and synapse in ciliary ganglion
  4. post-ganglionic parasympathetic neruons synpse in pupillary constrictor muscle
28
Q

how many neurons are involved in the pupillary light reflex?

A

four

29
Q

corneal reflex

A
  1. Receptors in corneal detect touch or irritation, travel in CN V, and synapse in Trigeminal sensory nucleus or Spinal Trigenminal nucleus.
  2. Cells from trigeminal nucleus project to facial nucleus.
  3. Neuron in Facial n. will cause eye to blink.
30
Q

lines the innermost part of the eyelids

A

palpebral conjunctiva

31
Q

lines the outermost part of the eyeball

A

bulbar conjunctiva

32
Q

where is superior tarsal m. and what is its innervation?

A

superior tarsal m. is located beneath the levator palpebrae superioris m.

innervated by sympathetic nerves

33
Q

Identify which is a bacterial vs. viral infection.

A
34
Q

rupture of blood vessels between sclera and bulbar conjunctiva

A

subconjunctival hemorrhage due to increased intraocular pressure

35
Q

complete ptosis vs. partial ptosis

A
  • complete ptosis: destruction of CN III > paralysis of levator palpebrae superioris m.
  • partial ptosis: affects post-ganglionic sympathetic fibers (from T1)> paralysis of tarsal muscle m.
36
Q

Where do the preganglionic fibers to the postganglionic symapthetic fibers (innervating the Tarsal muscle of Muller) originate from?

A

level of T1

37
Q

fundoscopy

A
38
Q

scotoma

A

“area of partial alteration in the field of vision consisting of a partially diminished or entirely degenerated visual acuity that is surrounded by a field of normal – or relatively well-preserved – vision”

optic disk is area of scotoma

39
Q

important anastamoses

A
  • superficial temporal a. & supraorbital a.
  • supratrochlear a. & angular a.
  • lacrimal a. & middle meningeal a.
  • ethmoidal a. & sphenopalatine a.
40
Q
A
41
Q
A

central retinal vein occlusion

causes:

  • hardening of CRA
  • HTN in CRA > compresses CRV
  • hemorrhages
  • dilated veins
42
Q
A

central retinal artery occlusion

  • causes: atherosclerosis and embolism
  • retina appears white
  • cherry red spot
  • veins and arteries attenuated
43
Q

components of lacrimal appartus

A
  • lacrimal gland
  • lacrimal canaliculi
  • lacrimal sac
  • nasolacrimal duct
44
Q

secretes lacrimal fluid/tears

A

lacrimal gland

45
Q

watery physiological saline containing bacteriocidal enzyme lysozyme

fluid moistens and lubricates surface of conjunctiva and cornea

provides some nutrients and oxygen to cornea

A

lacrima fluid

46
Q

starts at lacrimal punctum (openng) on lacrimal papilla

drains lacrimal fluid from lacrimal lake to lacrimal sac

A

lacrimal canaliculi

47
Q

dilated superior part of nasolacrimal duct

A

lacrimal sac

48
Q

conveys lacrimal fluid to inferior nasal meatus

A

nasolacrimal duct

49
Q

nerves involved in tear production

A
50
Q

circumferential tissue inside eye composed of ciliary muscle and ciliary processes

A

ciliary body

51
Q

secrete aqueous humor which fills anterior and posterior chambers

A

ciliary processes

52
Q

space between cornea and iris/pupil

A
53
Q

space between iris/pupil and lens & ciliary body

A

posterior chamber

54
Q

flow of aqueous humor

A
  1. from ciliary body
  2. posterior chamber
  3. anterior chamber
55
Q

glaucoma

A

blockage of Schlemm’s canal

56
Q

rupture of blood vessels supplying the anterior eye

A

hyphema

57
Q

functions of ciliary body

A
  • contraction of ciliary muscles decrease size of ciliary body
  • reduces tension on suspensory ligament
  • lens becomes more rounded for near vision

Neuroendocrine (30 decks)

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