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Biology > 5.7 Respiration > Flashcards

5.7 Respiration Flashcards

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1
Q

What is energy used for name 3?
A, M, EE, C

A
  • active transport
  • Movement
  • Endo and Exocytosis
  • Cell division
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2
Q

What is ATP made out of, naming 3 structures?

A
  • 3 phosphate groups
  • Ribose sugar
  • Adenine (base)
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3
Q

How is energy released from ATP? Remove

With what reaction?

What is the reaction catalysed from? ..lase

A

Removal of a phosphate group

-Hydrolysis reaction

  • ATPase / ATP Hydrolase
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4
Q

What is phosphorylation in respiration? .. Adding

From what molecule/ using energy from what molecule?

A

-Adding a phosphate group derived from ATP to a molecule

-From energy of glucose

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5
Q

What are the two processes in respiration that can reform ATP? S, O

A
  • Substrate- level phosphorylation
  • Oxidative phosphorylation
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6
Q

During respiration what is the process called when a hydrogen ion is released (removed)? O/ D

A

Oxidation reaction/ Dehydrogenation

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7
Q

What is substrate- level phosphorlyation?

  • Production of..
A

The production of ATP from ADP and Pi

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8
Q

Where does glycolysis take place?

What does it not require?

A

-Cytoplasm

-Oxygen

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9
Q

During the first stage glycolysis what happens to the glucose molecule? (Using 2 ATP) what does it transfer… To?

What is the product produced? HB
What is the process called?

A

-Glucose reacts with 2ATP, which transfers each pi to the glucose molecule

  • Hexose Bisphosphate
  • Phosphorylation reaction
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10
Q

After hexose bisphosphate is produced what happens after?

  • what is the product?
  • what reaction is the mechanism called?
A
  • It’s splits
  • 2 molecules of TP (triose phosphate)
  • lysis
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11
Q

After TP is made a phosphorylation reaction happens where does the Pi come from

-What is the new TP molecule called?
-How many Pi does each new TP molecule have?

A
  • Cytoplasm
  • Triose bisphosphate
  • 2
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12
Q

After Trisose bisphosphate is formed what does it loose? What is this reaction called?

What does the loss/ by product join to? And what does it produce?

A
  • Hydrogen ions for each Triose bisphosphate
  • Oxidation/ Dehydrogenation
  • NAD to produce NADH
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13
Q

What does the phosphorylation and oxidation of Triose bisphosphate produce? P

What happens to each Pi on triose bisphosphate? A what is it an example of? Slp

A

-Pyruvate

-Is added to ADP to form ATP
- substrate- level phosphate

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14
Q

In the cytoplasm where glycolysis reaction takes place how many molecules of NAPH and ATP is formed from both of Triose bisphosphate?

A
  • NADPH
  • 4 ATP
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15
Q

What was the net yield of ATP? Why?

What was net yield of NAPH

What was the last molecule that glycolysis made?

A
  • 2 ATP- used 2 ATP for phosphorylation of glucose to hexose bisphosphate ( 2 phosphates) and produced 4 ATP from 2 Triose bisphosphate
  • 2 NAPH
  • Pyruvate
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16
Q

What is Pyruvate used for? Large s

A
  • large store of energy
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17
Q

After glycolysis, what the two different conditions the next part of the reaction could take place in?

A

Anaerobic conditions
Aerobic conditions

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18
Q

Where does the anaerobic respiration take place after glycolysis where Pyruvate is formed?

A

Cytoplasm

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19
Q

When oxygen is present aerobic, respiration takes place after glycolysis, where does it take place in the cell? M

A

Mitochondria

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20
Q

After glycolysis, in the presence of oxygen, where does Pyruvate go from? And to?

What transportation is it?

A

-Cytoplasm —> mitochondrial matrix

  • Active transport
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21
Q

What reaction happens after glycolysis?

A
  • the link reaction
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22
Q
  • what are the reactants of the link reaction? P&CA
  • what does it products? ACa & C
  • how many times does the link reaction take place for each glucose? Why?
A
  • Pyruvate and Coenzyme A
  • Acetyl Coenzyme A (as-sa-tile) and CO2
  • 2 , there are 2 Pyruvate molecule present
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23
Q

At the end of the link reaction why is happens (2x) what are the products (overall yield) 3?

A
  • 2Acetyl coenzyme A
  • 2Carbon dioxide
  • 2NADH
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24
Q

What does decarboxylation mean?
-Removal

Example? P

A

Removal of a carboxyl group (CO2) from a molecule

Removal of CO2 from Pyruvate

25
Q

What is the next stage after the link reaction?

And what does the next stage require from the link reaction out of the products made?

A

-Krebs cycle

-Acetyl coenzyme A

26
Q

Where does the krebs cycle take place?

What does Acetyl CoA react with? How many carbons does this molecule have? Oxa

What does it produce? How many carbons?Ci

A

-Mitochondrial Matrix.

-Oxaloacetate
-4

-Citrate
- 6

27
Q

During the kreb cycle what part of Acetyl CoA reacts/ joins with Oxaloacetate ? A
How many carbons?

What remans of Acetyl CoA? Where does it go?

A

-Acetyl group (2C)/ The 2 carbon part of Acetyl CoA

  • CoA.. goes back to the Link reaction
28
Q

What are the reactions that occur When citrate produces a 5 carbon compound? Dc, Dh

What are the products? 2

A
  • Decarboxylate and Dehydrogenate
  • CO2, NAPH
29
Q

In the kreb cycle after a 5 carbon molecule is made a 4 carbon molecule is made after this what 2 reaction occurs again? Dc, Dh

What are the products? 2

A
  • Decarboxylation, Dehydrogenation
  • NADH and CO2
30
Q

In the kreb cycle substrate-level phosphorylation occurs what does it produce?

A
  • 1 ATP
31
Q

In the Kreb cycle what 2 reactions occurs after the formation of ATP from substrate-level phosphorylation? Dh

What are the 2 molecules formed? F&N

A

2 Dehydrogenation

  • NADH & FADH
32
Q

When the kerbs cycle operates once what are the molecules produced?

Why does the cycle get performed twice?

A
  • 1 ATP
  • 3 NAPH
  • 1 FADH
  • 2 CO2
  • For each glucose the krebs cycle has to turn 2x.
33
Q

How many mitochondria membranes is there? name them? I/O

What is between the two membranes? I

A

-2
- Inner mitochondrial membrane and outer mitochondrial membrane

  • inner membrane space
34
Q

What is the inner mitochondrial membrane folded into?C

What is the benefit of this structure?sa

A

-Cristae

-increase surface area

35
Q

On the inner membrane space what are the two sets of protein called? Etc, As

A

-electron transport chain
- ATP synthase

36
Q

What dies the first stage of oxidative phosphorylation Involve?

What does NADH transfer in the beginning (2..)? To where?

A
  • Electron transport chain
  • 2 electrons the first protein of the electron transport chain
37
Q

In the inner membrane of the mitochondria of the oxidative phosphorylation, how are electrons passed down (similar to photosynthesis)? What is released as electron are passed down?

What does each protein as part of the electron transport chain pump after they become oxidized (loose their electrons)? From where to where? M-> I

A
  • Through reduction and oxidation reaction, the electrons are passed to the next protein in the ETC
  • Small amount of energy released
  • Each protein pumps protons from the matrix to the inner membrane space.
38
Q

In the end what does the 2 electrons that have passed through the ETC releasing all their energy in oxidative phosphorylation combine with to make?
Equation? 💧

A

-Combine with oxygen and hydrogen to make water
2e- + 1/2 O2 + 2H+ = H2O

39
Q

FAD is also used in oxidative phosphorylation
Where does FAD join in the electron transport chain?

A
  • in the middle
40
Q

In Oxidative phosphorylation after all the electrons from 10 NADH from glycolysis + link reaction + kreb cycle and 2 FADH from the Kreb cycle is used what is the conc of hydrogen in the inner membrane space compared to the matrix?

A

There is a higher conc of H+ in the inner membrane space compared to the matrix.

41
Q

What is the proton gradient in the mitochondria (inner membrane) in oxidative phosphorylation able to generate? Using?

  • what happens when H+ diffuse down the channel to matrix? What is this process called? Chemi
A
  • ATP
    -ATP synthesis
  • movement of protons generate ATP from ADP and Pi
  • Chemiosmosis
42
Q

How much ATP can oxidative phosphorylation make per glucose molecule? 3..

A

34

43
Q

In aerobic conditions how is NADH used?
- (glycolysis) converts Pyruvate to la

What is the enzyme used? Ld

How can we convert this molecule back? Transport to l.. convert back to

A
  • converts Pyruvate to lactic acid
  • lactate dehydrogenase
  • Transported to liver combined with oxygen to turn it back to glucose
44
Q

Yeast and plants carry out anaerobic respiration, in this case what is Pyruvate converted to? E

Then what is ethanal reduced to? What does it use from glycolysis?

A
  • Ethanal

-Ethanol
-NADH

45
Q

When both ethanal to make ethanol and Pyruvate to lactate use NADH what does it do to the NAD? R allowing what? Continue Gly
To produce what? 2.. per

A

It regenerates the NAD
Allowing glycolysis to continue
2 molecules or ATP per glucose

46
Q

What is the reaction to breaking down lipids into their components? h
What is fatty acid broken down into? what bonds are broken? E
What do we use from the lipids? G

A

hydrolysis
Glycerol and fatty acids
Ester bonds
Glycerol

47
Q

Where does glycerol enter to be used for respiration? g

What is it converted to?

How many carbons does it have?

A

Glycolysis

Pyruvate

3

48
Q

What is the fatty acids broken down into and combined with? A

How many carbons?

A

-Brocken down to 2 carbon molecules
-Acetyl CoA

2

49
Q

Where does this fatty acid-CoA complex go in respiration? ( linking the glucose link reaction and product to kreb cycle?

A
  • The Acetyl group is released and joins to oxaloactate (4c)
50
Q

Why does lipids contain a lot more stored energy that carbs or protein? AC

  • from what of? CH
A
  • Form a large number of Acetylene CoA
  • from the amount of carbon and hydrogen bonds
51
Q

During digestion in order to use protein for respiration what does it need to do (name process and product)?

A

-Hydrolyse protein
-Forming Amino Acids

52
Q

What is a common example of an amino acid used in protein respiration? G

A

Glycine

53
Q

What is deamination using the broken down product glycine (amino acid)?

What happen to the carbon part of the amino acid? 2 functions
- to make P
- used in K

A

-Removal of Amino Group

-To make pyruvate or molecules that are part of the Kreb cycle

54
Q

What is RQ equation? Co2 and O2

A

CO2 produced
RQ= —————————-
O2 consumed

55
Q

In respirometer why do we used soda line?

What do this do the volume of gas when the animal (lice) is carrying out respiration?

A
  • Absorbs the CO2
  • Volume of the test tube decrease
56
Q

In respirometer how can we determine rate?
🚅.. coloured liquid

A

How quickly the colour liquid the the test moves down/ towards the animals/ to the left.

57
Q

In respirometer what equipment do you need to calculate the rate of respiration?

A
  • Timer
  • Soda lime
  • measuring capillary tube
58
Q

What does knowing the diameter of the capillary tube help with?

How to calculate the VOLUME of oxygen taken in?

How do I then calculate the rate?

A

-The internal area of the tube 3.14r^2

-Internal area x distance moved by tube mm^3

             Volume of O2 (mm^3)  Rate=     ————————————-
                           Time (min)

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