3.2 Transport In Animal Flashcards

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1
Q

What are 3 factors that influence the need for transport system?

-S, S:V, M

A
  • size
  • surface area to volume ratio
  • level of metabolic activity
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2
Q

When doing metabolic activity what respiration is required?
A
what do we need a good supply of?
N, O,E

A
  • Aerobic respiration
  • Nutrients, Oxygen and Energy
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3
Q

What is the circuit of the single circulatory system?
- why is it single blood flows through.. (Heart)?

A
  • Heart- gills- body- heart
  • Blood flow through heart once
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4
Q

What is the two circuits of the double circulatory system called?
P, S
what does it entail?
- ๐Ÿซ - carries O+N around B to ๐Ÿคง

A

Pulmonary circulation: Carries blood to lungs to pick oxygen
Systemic: Carries oxygen and nutrients around the body to the tissues.

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5
Q

What is open circulatory system?
-vessels

How does this affect its diffusion pathway?
-tissues bathed in B

A

-Blood is not held within blood vessels

  • Tissues and cells directly bathed in blood, less diffusion pathway
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6
Q

What is a closed circulatory system?
- held vessels

A
  • where blood is held with vessels
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7
Q

Why is it an advantage to have a high pressure for blood flow?
๐Ÿš„
What does this do to the rate of diffusion?

A
  • blood flows more quickly allowing a faster rate of diffusion.
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8
Q

What does the circulatory system have to do effectively? (E.g advantages of open circulatory system)
- rate๐Ÿฉธ
- O&N delivery
- removal of ๐Ÿ’จ& w๐Ÿšฎ
- transport ๐Ÿฉธ โ‰  to movement

A
  • high blood flow rate
  • rapid delivery of oxygen and nutrients
  • rapid removal of CO2 and other waste
  • transport is independent of body movements
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9
Q

Does arteries have high or low pressure?

What would the size of the walls be?

Is lumen small or large? in order to what? M

A

High-pressure

Thick wall to withstand the pressure

Lumen is small in order to maintain the pressure

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10
Q

What does the arterials connect?

A

Arteries to capillaries

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11
Q

How is tissue fluid formed? Bp

Why does tissue fluid form? O &N

A

Three blood plasma leaking from capillaries

To provide oxygen and nutrients body cells require

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12
Q

What does hydrostatic pressure do? Push
And where is it found?
A

A
  • pushes the blood fluid out capillaries
  • arterial end
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13
Q

What does the tendinous chords do?

-inside out.. when v w contracts

A

Prevent vowels from turning inside out when ventricle wall contracts

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14
Q

What is the purpose of the septum in a mammalian heart?

A
  • separates the left side of the heart and the deoxygenated blood in the right side
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15
Q

What are the single units of cardiac muscle? S
What separates theses? I ๐Ÿ’ฟ

A

Sarcomeres

Intercalated discs

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16
Q

What is the pathway for wave of excitation?

A

SAN - AVN- atria systole- ventricle systole - diastole

17
Q

What does the waves of excitation represent e.g P, Q, R, S, T

A

P wave- Atrial systole
Q, R, S wave- Ventricular systole
T wave- diastole

18
Q

How to calculate heart beats per minute?

A

Time from P wave to the next P wave
โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”โ€”
60 sec

19
Q

What is bradycardia?

  • heart rhythm
A
  • slow heart rhythm
20
Q

What is Tachycardia?
๐Ÿƒโ€โ™€๏ธ๐Ÿš„

A

Rapid heart rhythm

21
Q

What is ectopic heartbeat?

A

Heartbeat is missed

22
Q

How many molecules of oxygen can each haemoglobin carry?

A

Up to 4

23
Q

Does fetal haemoglobin have a higher affinity for oxygen or a low affinity for oxygen compared to adult haemoglobin?

A

Has a higher affinity for oxygen

24
Q

What three ways is carbon dioxide transported?
5% p
10% carbaminohaemoglobin
85% in form of H..

A

5% dissolve directly in plasma
10% combined with haemoglobin
85% transported inform of HCO3-

25
Q

Carbonic anhydrates forms weak carbonic acid from combining what two substances as CO2 diffuses in red blood cells?

A
  • CO2 and Water
26
Q

When transporting CO2 What does carbonic acid do to form hydrocarbonate ions and H+?

Equation?

A

Carbonic acid dissociates to produce hydrocarbonate ions and H+

H2CO3 -> HCO3- + H+

27
Q

Where does hydrocarbonate ions (HCO3-) go after it production?

A

They diffuse outside red blood cell to plasma

28
Q

After HCO3- is removed, how can we maintain the charge inside the red blood cells?

Shift

A

Chloride shift from plasma to red blood cell

29
Q

To prevent red blood cells from becoming acidic, how will it be associated and taking out a solution? - -Hae

What does it act as?
-Bu

A

Associated with haemoglobin to produce haemoglobin acid HHb

Act as a buffer

30
Q

What happens when the partial pressure is high in tissue e.g alveloi?

What happens when partial pressure is lower?

-Hemoglobin affinity

A
  • Hemoglobin has a higher affinity of oxygen
  • Hemoglobin has a low affinity and loses oxygen
31
Q

What does the Bohr effect do to the oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve? In the presence of?

A
  • Shifts it to the left in the precedence of carbon dioxide
32
Q

What does carbon dioxide do to the affinity of hemoglobin?

A
  • it reduces the affinity of oxygen
33
Q

As HHb is formed the tertiary structure of hemoglobin changes what does this do to the affinity of oxygen?

-unloading..

A
  • has a lower affinity to oxygen
  • unloading oxygen more easily