5.2.2 The structure Of The Liver

Question 1

What are liver cells called

Answer 1

Hepatocytes

Question 2

What they divided into

Answer 2

Lobules

Question 3

What is the structure of a lobule?
Inter/intra
Portal

Answer 3

Middle intra-lobule: branch hepatic vein
Outside inter-lobule: branch hepatic portal vein
Outside inter-lobule: branch hepatic artery
Outside inter-lobule: branch bile duct

Question 4

Where is the bile drain in the lobule?

Answer 4

Canaliculus

Question 5

What does space called where the HA & HPV blood mixes
Why?

Answer 5

Sinusoid

Increase O2 content for hepatocytes

Question 6

Function of kupffer cells?
Mac..

Answer 6

Immune function’s
Engulfing foreign objects acting as macrophages

Question 7

What blood does the hepatic artery and a hepatic portal vein carry

Structural difference?

Answer 7

HA- oxygenated blood
HPV- deoxygenate blood

HA thicker than HPS

Question 8

What does hepatocytes do to control carbohydrate metabolism

Answer 8

Glucose levels rise hepatocytes convert glucose to glycogen and it does the opposite

Question 9

What is the case deamination happens?

Answer 9

When there is excess animosity acids

Question 10

What is deamination?

Answer 10

Removing amino group from animo acid

Question 11

Why is the removal of ammonia in deamination converted into urea?

T & s

Answer 11

To toxic and soluble to store in the body

Question 12

What is the equation for deamination? What is it the waste product? K

Answer 12

-Amino acid + O2 -> Keto acid + ammonia
-Keto acid

Question 13

What is the equation for the formation of urea?
What does it react with?

Answer 13

• ammonia + CO2 -> urea + water
• CO2

Question 14

Before amino acids are converted to urea and keto acid where will it go?
What process occur? D, F. u

Answer 14

• To the liver
• Deamination and formation of urea

Question 15

What are some examples of excretory organs? In brackets what do they excrete?

Answer 15

• lungs (CO2)
• liver (urea, faeces, bilirubin)
• skin (sweat)

Question 16

Name 4+ functions of the liver?
- control 🍯, l: 🧈,am
- synthesise b, 🩸🤰
- storage of 3+ vitamins?
- d 🍾
- destruction of 🩸

Answer 16

• control of glucose, lipid and amino acids levels
• synthesis of bile and red blood cells in fetus
• storage of vitamin A, D, B12, iron
• detoxification of alcohol, drugs
• destruction of red blood cells

Question 17

What does hydrogen peroxide do?
- converts .. to

Answer 17

-converts hydrogen peroxide
-to oxygen and water

Question 18

What does cytochrome P450? 🏥

Answer 18

Breakdown cocaine and medical drugs

Question 19

What does increase in alcohol consumption use up in the process of detoxification?

Negatives of this to do with fatty acids? N.. break down

So what is fatty acids converted back into and stored

Answer 19

• NAD
• NAD can’t be used to break down fatty acids to lipids so fatty acids is converted back to lipids and stored in the liver

Question 20

What is the negatives of storing lipids/ fats in the liver? En, H..titis

Answer 20

• Become enlarged
• hepatitis

Question 21

What molecule (product made from deamination) enters ornithine cycle?

• what does it combine with?
• what does it release?

Answer 21

• Ammonia

-CO2
-H2O

Question 22

In the Ornithine cycle when CO2 combines with CO2 what does it make? C

Answer 22

• Citrulline

Question 23

Where does the Ornithine cycle take place?

Answer 23

• Mitochondria

Question 24

When Citrulline is made what do add more of?
what is released?

Answer 24

-NH3 (ammonia)
-H2O

Question 25

What is the intermediate compound between Citrulline and Urea? A What needs to be added to A to produce Urea?

Answer 25

-Arginine -H2O

Question 26

What can help me remember the Ornithine cycle? Duh-Do- da- Do- Da- Do- Da - Doo

Answer 26

- ammonia and CO2🎶 - Ammonia and Citrulline - Argunine and Eureka (urea)

Question 27

Where is urea removed?

Answer 27

- kidneys

Question 28

When there is a high concentration of urea in the blood what does it do to the water potential? - what does enable in kidneys? Reab

Answer 28

- decrease the water potential - increases water reabsorption by the kidneys

Question 29

In the kidneys when looking at the Glomerular at the Bowman capsule what are the arteries names? The blood goes in and goes out?Af, Ef

Answer 29

Blood to the capsule: Afferent Arteriole Blood to nephron tubule: Efferent Arteriole (exit)

Question 30

How can I remember the difference between Afferent Arteriole and Efferent Arteriole? - ..comes before..

Answer 30

A comes before E

Question 31

Where does the Bowman capture lead? -Close to start Where does the tubule point to? Point

Answer 31

-proximal convoluted tubule -downwards

Question 32

Where does the proximal convoluted tubule lead to? What are the two limbs called within the loop of Henle? How can more water reabsorption occur? 📏

Answer 32

Loop of Henle -descending limb -Ascending limb - increasing the length of the loop of Henle

Question 33

After the loop of Henle up the ascending limp what tubule does it enter? D

Answer 33

- Distal convoluted tube

Question 34

Where does the distal convoluted tube lead to? C What 2 things happen at this duct?

Answer 34

- collecting the duct - more absorption of water -produces urine

Question 35

In the kidney, what is the outer layer called? C What is the Middle (wiggly/frilly)layer called? M What is the inner layer that leads to the uretra code? P

Answer 35

-Cortex -Medulla -Pelvis

Question 36

What is ultrafiltration? 🩸Under? P What and where is the basement membrane?

Answer 36

- filtration of the blood-under high pressure - filter to prevent molecules mass greater than 69000 getting in.

Question 37

What are the 3 functions of hepatocytes? - B -G -D

Answer 37

-Makes bile -Converts glycogen to glucose -Deamination (Ornithine cycle) (old blood cell)