5.2.5- 8 Kidneys Functions

Question 1

During ultrafiltration what is needed for the reabsorption of water? Conc.. created by..

Answer 1

-A concentration gradient created by Na

Question 2

What first occurs in the reabsorption of? (x is A.. pumped out)

What happens to the mineral (x) that is A..pumped out? What does it create? C

Answer 2

• Na is actively pumped out

-The concentration of Na in cytoplasm decrease.. creating a concentration gradient

Question 3

In reabsorption when the concentration gradient is created from na what happens? What protein used
Carrying what? A & G

Answer 3

Na is diffused into the cell through cotransport protein

• carrying an amino acid and glucose

Question 4

In reabsorption when na diffuses into the cell with glucose and amino acid
what moves into the cell?
Through what process?

Answer 4

• H2O
• osmosis

Question 5

Where does glucose and amino acids go?
What transport is used?

Answer 5

• Out to the blood
• Diffusion

Question 6

In the proximal and distal convoluted tube,is Na+ and Cl being transported inside/ outside? (What process) 2

Answer 6

-Proximal convoluted tube: Inside: Diffusion
-Distal convoluted tube: Outside: Active transport

Question 7

Throughout the reabsorption in the nephron what are the molecules getting reabsorbed/ released from the nephron to the kidneys? 4 Where

Answer 7

• water continuously
  -Na+ and Cl- in distal convoluted tube
  -glucose + amino acids

Question 8

-What is Hypotonic point in reabsorption?

-Where does this occur? Bottom

• what is the opposite of Hypotonic? I

Answer 8

High conc of salt inside

• bottom of loop of Henle
• Isotonic point

Question 9

Where is ADH made?

Answer 9

Hypothalamus

Question 10

During osmoregulation where is ADH secreted out of? Ppg

What mechanism releases ADH? E

Answer 10

Posterior pituitary gland

Exocytosis

Question 11

When is ADH release?

Where does it travel to?

Answer 11

• when there is a low water potential (more negative) in the blood
• kidneys

Question 12

What cell linings have ADH receptors? C

Bonus?

Answer 12

• Collecting Duct
• distal convoluted tube

Question 13

What is ADH main purpose in terms of permeability? Increase.. in cell..in

Answer 13

• Increase the permeability of cell wall in collecting duct

Question 14

When ADH has travelled in the blood and is detected by receptors what does it simulate? E.. active

What does this cause? Vessicle of .. to .. surface

Answer 14

-Enzymes to become active

• Vesicles of Aquaporin to move to cell surface

Question 15

What do the vesicles do when they reach the cell membrane? F..

Answer 15

• Fuse with the membrane

Question 16

In osmoregulation when the aquaporin membrane fuse to the cell membrane what does it become a part of? What does it increase?

How will water be reabsorbed into the blood? Conc

Answer 16

• Becomes part of the cell membrane
• increases the permeability of the ducts to water
• using conc gradient the water will move out the cell to blood cells

Question 17

What does osmoregulation regulate? ⚖️

Answer 17

Balance between salt and water potential

Question 18

When there is a reduction of water potential what does the osmorecetors in the hypothalamus do?

What do they cause?

Answer 18

• They shrink
• Release of ADH

Question 19

What’s unique about neurosecretory cells? H

Answer 19

Only neurons that release hormones

Question 20

What does protien in the urea

Question 21

What is the Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)? Rate.. fluid.. nep

Answer 21

The rate at which fluid enters the nephron

Question 22

What are the causes of kidney failure ? D, H, Hyp, In

Answer 22

Diabetes
Heart disease
Hypertension
Infections

Question 23

What are the main types of treatments for kidney failure? T, rd

Answer 23

Kidney transplant
Renal dialysis

Question 24

What does dialysis perform the function of?

What does the dialysis guild act as and what does it contain? M i, u, w

Answer 24

• kidneys

-Blood plasma
-mineral ions, urea, water

Question 25

What are the 2 types of dialysis? H,P

-(Alice has peri toe nails and she’s heomophobic)

Answer 25

-Haemodialysis
-Peritoneal Dialysis

Question 26

Why is Heparin added to haemodialysis? Prevent

Answer 26

To prevent blood clotting

Question 27

Why does Dialysis fluid flow in a countercurrent to the blood in haemodialysis? Efficiency

Answer 27

To improve efficiency of exchange

Question 28

In haemodialysis what is going on between the blood and the filtrate (Dialysis fluid)?
-Excess, diffuse, dialysis fluid, blood

Answer 28

Substances in excess will diffuse to the dialysis fluid and any substances that are too low and the blood would diffuse from dialysis fluid to blood.

Question 29

What is the disadvantage of haemodialysis?

Answer 29

-haveTo do this regularly

Question 30

In peritoneal dialysis what is the dialysis membrane (where is the dialysis performed)?

Answer 30

In the patient body

Question 31

During Peritoneal what is pumped into the patients abdominal? Dialysis

What is it the advantages?
- 🏡
-Dialysis guild remain.. drained from..

Answer 31

-Dialysis fluid

-Can be done at home
- Dialysis fluid can remain in body’s and drained from abdominal

Question 32

Substances can enter the nephron if they have a mass less than 69 000 in pregnancy testing what is the hormone released by pregnant women? h

Answer 32

• hCG

Question 33

In pregnancy testing as urine is poured on test stick containing hCG what does it bind to? Attached to? 🔵

Answer 33

• MOBILE antibodies attached to blue beads

Question 34

If hCG is present what does it bind to, to hold it in place? F a.. in place

What does it form?

Answer 34

FIXED antibodies holding the beads in place

• forming a blue line

Question 35

How can the test using the fixed and mobile antibodies show that it works？..another fixed site

Answer 35

• mobile antibodies bind to another fixed site