5.2 How can feedback affect performance? Flashcards
What are the different types of feedback?
Intrinsic, extrinsic, knowledge of results, knowledge of performance, positive, negative, terminal, concurrent
What does intrinsic mean?
Available to a player without outside help. The feel of a movement.
What does extrinsic mean?
Provided by someone or something else (coach, stopwatch)
What does concurrent mean?
Given during the performance
What does terminal mean?
Given at the end of a performance
What does negative mean?
Concentrates on errors
Should be followed with prescriptive feedback
Can be detrimental with beginners
What does positive mean?
What you did well
Prescriptive feedback (coach telling student how to improve)
What does knowledge of performance mean?
- Post-response information, concerning the nature of the movement
- “feel” of a movement
- knowledge of sensory consequences (concurrent or terminal)
What does knowledge of result mean?
- post-response information about the outcome of an action
- most visual, time or distance
What is the saying for the types of feedback?
I
eat
cherry
tarts
not
pumpkin
KP
KR
What are the four purposes of feedback?
- Reinforcement of learning
- Adaptation of performance
- Motivation
- Punishment
(with regards to learning, the main factor is that the performer improves)
BE ABLE TO LABEL THE MODEL
ABOUT SIMPLE INFORMATION PROCESSING
In the simple model of information processing, what does input mean?
Refers to the environment the performer can see, hear, and feel (display, stimulus)
In the simple model of information processing, what does output mean?
What the performer did (response)
In the simple model of information processing, what does the central nervous system (CNS) mean?
Performer’s brain and spinal cord
Describe a simple model of information processing
Information processing is the system by which we take
information from our surrounding environment, use it to
make a decision and then produce a response:
input–decision-making–output.
All the approaches are only models. Input and output
are assessable/observable, but the decision-making
process can only be speculation.
LABEL AND DRAW WELFORD’S MODEL
OK
What is the first step of Welford’s model?
Take in information through our
senses and temporarily store all of
these inputs prior to sorting them
out
What is the second step of Welford’s model?
The inputs that are seen as
relevant to the decision are then
stored in the short-term memory
What is the third step of Welford’s model?
A decision is made by
comparing the information in the
short-term memory with previous
experiences stored in the longterm memory
What is the fourth step of Welford’s model?
With reference to the long term
memory for the required action
the decision is carried out
What is the fifth step of Welford’s model?
The action and the results are
stored for future reference
What is the sixth step of Welford’s model?
The whole process then
begins again
What are sense organs?
an organ of the body that responds to external stimuli by conveying impulses to the sensory nervous system
What does perception mean?
The ability to see, hear, or become aware of something through the senses
What is short-term memory?
Holding a small amount of information in mind in an active, 20-30 seconds capacity or 5-9 items
What is long-term memory?
Holding a large amount of information in mind in an active, requires repeating or rehearsal to be passed from STM to LTM, infinite capacity and duration
What is decision making?
The action of process of making decisions, especially important
What is feedback?
Information about reactions to a product, a person’s performance of a task
What are the components associated with sensory input?
- Senses are responsible for relaying information about the environment to the brain
- Information is interpreted by the brain based on past experiences of similar situations, and sent to the long-term memory (LTM)
What are exteroceptors?
Exteroceptors provide information about the external environment ex. touch, pressure, temperature, light, sound, taste, smell
What are interoceptors - vital organs (visceroceptors)
Provide information from within the body
- vagus nerve
- brainstem
- thalamus
- endocrine system
- blood pressure
- blood sugar
- temperature
What are proprioceptors?
Information about body position and the position of limbs, respond to potentially damaging stimuli/pain
What are the main proprioceptors involved in sport?
Vestibular apparatus, which provides information about balance; and joint receptors, muscle spindles and golgi tendon organs, which provide information about limb positions
What do proprioceptors do?
Provide information about the position and posture of our body in space. They sense stimuli from the muscles, tendons and the joints as well from the vestibular apparatus
What are the three main ways that information is taken in through the senses prior to a decision being made?
- what we see (vision)
- what we hear (auditory)
- what we sense (proprioception)
Where are proprioceptors located?
On the nerves, muscles, tendons, joints, and inner ear, which provides intrinsic (internal) information about the movement and balance of the body during the performance
What are the three components of proprioception?
- Touch
- equilibrium (balance)
- kinaesthesis
Explain touch
It is our tactile sense, it detects pressure, pain, temperature. It’s used in many sports. ex. the feel of the ball in the hands or the tense feel of the tennis racket in the hand as you hit a return
Explain equilibrium
The balance needed before hitting a serve or the balance used in the skilful performance of a gymnast on the balance beam
Explain kinaesthesis
The inner sense within the muscles, tendons, and joints, which gives automatic internal information about the position of joints and tension in the muscles
ex. a javelin thrower would know, without looking, that the arm is fully extended and that the elbow is ‘locked’ before he throws
