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Physiology > 5.1 Intro To Endocrine > Flashcards

5.1 Intro To Endocrine Flashcards

0
Q

Functions of endocrine system

A
  1. Regulates multiple organs
  2. Maintains growth and reproductive needs
  3. Respond to fluctuations within the internal environment
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1
Q

Study of processes involved in the regulation and integration of cells and organ systems by hormones

A

Endocrinology

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2
Q

Endocrine glands of the brain

A

Hypothalamus gland and pineal gland

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3
Q

Transitory endocrine gland

A

Placenta

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4
Q

Type of communication where the cell recognizes itself as the target cell

A

Autocrine

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5
Q

Signaling molecule is received by a neighboring cell (type of communication)

A

Paracrine

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6
Q

Characteristics of neuron doctrine communication

A
  1. Secreted by neuron
  2. Travels via blood
  3. Acts on distant target cells
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7
Q

Mode of travel for endocrine communication

A

Via blood

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8
Q

Precursor of secretory peptides

A

Prehormone/preprohormone

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9
Q

What happens to secretory hormones after its synthesis

A

Stored in secretory vesicles

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10
Q

At what terminal of nascent peptides can signal peptides be found

A

N-terminal

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11
Q

Where are the receptors of hydrophilic peptides found

A

Membrane-bound/surface of cell membrane

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12
Q

Signals from hydrophilic peptides are amplified by

A

Second messengers

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13
Q

Water-soluble hydrophilic peptides can enter the circulatory system (T/F)

A

True

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14
Q

Peptide hormones are biologically active and are free to interact with receptor of target cell when in what form

A

Free form

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15
Q

What condition of free hormones will result to the release of hormones from transport protein?

A

Decreased levels of free hormones

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16
Q

Extends the half-life of hormones

A

Bound hormones

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17
Q

The only 2 peptide hormones that work in bound form

A

Growth hormone and IGF-1

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18
Q

Onset and duration of peptide hormone

A

Fast onset and short-time duration

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19
Q

Number of amino acids for it to be considered a protein

A

Greater than 100 amino acids

Peptide if less than 100 amino acids

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20
Q

Peptide hormone: Rough ER

Steroid hormone: __________

A

Smooth ER

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21
Q

Steroid hormones are stored in secretory vesicles (T/F)

A

False - peptide hormone not steroid

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22
Q

Peptide hormone: water soluble

Steroid hormone:

A

Lipid soluble/hydrophobic

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23
Q

Peptide hormones are degraded by

A

Peptidases

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24
Q

Site of steroid hormone receptors

A

Intracellular (cytoplasm or nucleus)

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25
Q

Steroid hormones with cytoplasmic receptors

A

Adenocorticosteroids, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids

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26
Q

Location of Vitamin D and sex steroid hormone receptors

A

Inside nucleus

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27
Q

Effect of steroid hormones

A

Increase or decrease transcription of regulatory proteins by modulating gene expression

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28
Q

Precursor of steroid hormone

A

Cholesterol

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29
Q

Steroid hormones have no storage, thus, must be synthesized after stimulus is received. How does the body compensate for this

A

Large stores of cholesterol esters in cytoplasm vacuoles are available for steroid synthesis

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30
Q

Amino acid derivatives

A

Tyrosine or tryptophan

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31
Q

Amino acids can function either as a peptide or a steroid (T/F)

A

True

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32
Q

Ioidothyronine, a steroid-like amine, is synthesized in

A

Thyroid gland

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33
Q

Ioidothyronine derivative

A

Tyrosine

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34
Q

Half-life of T3 and T4

A

T3- 18 days

T4- 7 days

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35
Q

Thyroid hormone is a steroid-like amine. How is it similar to steroid hormones

A
  1. Intracellular receptor (nucleus)
  2. Acts as a transcription factor
  3. Protein bound
  4. Slow onset and long duration
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36
Q

Primary hormones produced by endocrine system

A

Catecholamines

37
Q

Catecholamines are synthesized by

A

Adrenal medulla and neurons

38
Q

Catecholamines are copackaged with

A

ATP, Calcium, Chromogranins (proteins)

39
Q

After Catecholamines are synthesized, the final product is stored in

A

Chromaffin granules

40
Q

Catecholamines are secreted in response to

A

Sympathetic stimulation

41
Q

Catecholamines only circulate when bound to albumin (T/F)

A

False - circulate either unbound or loosely bound to albumin

43
Q

Half-life of Catecholamines

A

1-2 minutes

44
Q

Catecholamines are peptide-like amines. How are they similar to peptide hormones

A
  1. Do not cross cell membrane
  2. Membrane-bound receptors
  3. Make use of second messengers
  4. Stored in vesicles
  5. Plasma form is unbound
  6. Fast onset and fast/short duration
45
Q

Cells and receptors exhibit specificity (T/F)

A

False- only receptors exhibit specificity. Cells may have receptor for different hormones

46
Q

What are the cell membrane receptors

A

GPCR, Catalytic, Cytokine

47
Q

How many domains does GPCR have? Describe each

A

3 - extracellular (ligands bind), transmembrane (7 subunits), intracellular (G-protein bind)

48
Q

When inactivated, alpha subunit remains dissociated from beta-gamma subunit (T/F)

A

False- alpha reforms with beta-gamma when inactivated

49
Q

Peptide hormones that bind Receptor Tyrosine Kinase

A

Insulin
IGF-1
NGF

50
Q

Peptide hormones that bind to Cytokine receptors

A

Prolactin
GH
Erythropoietin
Leptin

51
Q

In the mechanism of GPCR, GTP binds to which heterotrimer subunit?

A

Alpha

52
Q

Peptide hormones that bind to receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK)

A

Insulin
IGF-1
NGF

53
Q

Peptide hormones that bind to Cytokine Receptor

A

Prolactin
GH
Erythropoietin
Leptin

54
Q

Effectors of adenylyl cyclase, Phospholipids C, Phospholipase A2

A

adenylyl cyclase - cAMP
Phospholipids C - DAG (activate protein kinase C) and and IP3 (open calcium channels)
Phospholipase A2 - eicosanoids (releases arachidonic acid)

55
Q

Catalytic receptors posses enzymatic activity on the cytoplasmic side (T/F)

A

True

56
Q

Ligand of guanylyl cyclase receptor

A

ANP

57
Q

Receptor of “Transforming Growth Factor beta (ligand)”

A

Serine/threonine kinase

58
Q

In Serine/Threonine Kinase Receptor, ligand binding to type II receptor leads to

A

Dimerization of type I and type II receptors (type II phosphorylates type I)

59
Q

Type I phosphorylates SMAD, which complexes with co-SMAD. What does this complex do

A

Act as a transcription factor

60
Q

In Tyrosine kinase receptor mechanism, ligand binding results to

A

Dimerization and autophosphorylation

61
Q

Effectors of tyrosine kinase

A

GRB2 and IRS1

62
Q

Receptor with a single membrane spanning domain

A

Cytokine Receptors/ Tyrosine Kinase Associated Receptors

63
Q

Cytokine receptors do not posses any catalytic activity instead they are associated with tyrosine kinases like JAK protein (T/F)

A

True

64
Q

Mechanism of Cytokine receptors

A

Ligand binding -> Dimerization then activation of JAK -> JAK phosphorylates STAT -> dimerize STAT dimer

65
Q

STAT dimer goes to the nucleus to act as

A

Transcription factor

66
Q

Intracellular receptors are peptide receptors (T/F)

A

False- steroid receptors not peptide

67
Q

Intracellular receptors function to modify protein synthesis through

A

Gene expression

68
Q

2 types of intracellular receptors and describe in terms of their bound state

A
  1. Cytoplasmic receptor (bound receptor)

2. Nuclear receptor (unbound receptor)

69
Q

Intracellular receptors of glucocorticoids and mineralocorticoids

A

Cytoplasmic receptor

70
Q

Intracellular receptor of progestins, androgens, estrogens, and vitamin D

A

Nuclear receptor

71
Q

(T/F) Mechanism of cytoplasmic receptor:
Ligand binds in the cytoplasm -> dissociation of HSP -> ligand-receptor complex translocate to the nucleus -> complexes with HRE -> gene transcription is activated

A

True

72
Q

In nuclear receptors, how do steroids pass through the cytoplasmic membrane

A

Diffusion

73
Q

Steroid enters the nucleus through

A

Nuclear pore

74
Q

Response counteracts the stimulus, shutting off the response loop

A

Negative feedback

75
Q

Low levels of hormones: ______ production

High levels of hormones: ______ production

A

Increase

Decrease

76
Q

Negative feedback ensures stability by

A

Keeping a physiologic parameter within normal range

77
Q

Types of negative feedback loops

A

Response-driven feedback loop and endocrine axis-driven feedback loop

78
Q

Negative feedback has little to do with the physiologic response to the hormone (T/F)

A

True

79
Q

In positive feedback, the stimulus causes a _______ in response

A

Continuous increase

80
Q

Required to shut off positive feedback cycle

A

Outside force

81
Q

Causes the sequential series of release of hormones

A

HPT Axis

82
Q

In HPT Axis, what are the hormones involved

A

Anterior Pituitary Hormones only

83
Q

Which glands are involved in the HPT Axis and identify their hierarchy

A 
Hypothalamus (1st tier)
Pituitary gland (2nd tier)
Peripheral endocrine gland (3rd tier)
84
Q

Type of hormone released by the following glands in HPT Axis:
Hypothalamus
Pituitary gland
Peripheral endocrine gland

A

Hypothalamus: releasing hormone
Pituitary gland: stimulating hormone
Peripheral endocrine gland: final hormone

85
Q

Negative feedback targets which glands in HPT Axis

A

Hypothalamus or pituitary gland

86
Q

Organs not directly controlled by anterior pituitary gland

A

Free-standing endocrine organs (ex. Parathyroid gland and endocrine pancreas)

87
Q

When does the parathyroid gland secrete hormones

A

When there is a decrease in ionized calcium

88
Q

Decrease in ionized calcium -> Parathyroid gland is stimulated -> secrete hormone-> PTH Hormone increase ______

A

Serum calcium back to normal

89
Q

Type of feedback loop wherein a change in substrate level causes negative feedback

A

Response-driven feedback

90
Q

Hypothalamic releasing hormones : ________

___________ : posterior pituitary

A

Anterior pituitary

Nerve signals from hypothalamus

91
Q

Steroid-like amino acid derivatives (T3 and T4) are produced in

A

Cytoplasm

Physiology (27 decks)

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