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2 Physiology 2nd LE Flashcards

1
Q

What is serum

A

Plasma minus clotting factors

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2
Q

What is plasma

A

Blood without formed elements

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3
Q

Plasma protein that carries lipids and hormones

A

Albumin

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4
Q

Plasma protein that carries hormones and immune function

A

Globulin

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5
Q

Define hematocrit

A

Volume percentage of rbcs in blood

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6
Q

Why rbc has a finite lifespan

A

Without a nucleus

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7
Q

Are immature RBCs

A

Reticulocytes

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8
Q

Significant of reticulocyte count test

A

Indicator rate of rbc production secondary to demand like hemolysis and prolonged exposure to high altitudes where there’s lower oxygen levels

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9
Q

Primary stimulator of rbc production

A

Epo

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10
Q

Transcription complex which responds to changes in oxygen. Binds to epo gene and triggers epo protein formation

A

hypoxia inducible factoe

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11
Q

Factors needed in rbc production

A

FolateVit b12

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12
Q

Importance of folate

A

Dna synthesis, maturation of rbcs

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13
Q

Importance of vit b12

A

Incorporates circulating folate into developing rbcs for final maturation of rbcs

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14
Q

What is pernicious anemia

A

Failure to produce intejnsic faxtor, deficient b12 absorption, large megaloblastic rbcs

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15
Q

Storage form of iron

A

Ferritin

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16
Q

Protein carrier of iron

A

Transferrin

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17
Q

Type of stem call committed to erythrocyte maturation

A

CFU-E

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18
Q

Normal rbc in men and women

A

4.5 to 6 million rbcs / microliter4.2-5 million

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19
Q

Contractile protein which help in cell shape and flexibility

A

Spectrin

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20
Q

Describe MCV

A

Hct/number of rbcsToo small or too large rbcs

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21
Q

Average concentration of hemoglobin in a given volume of blood

A

Mean cell hemoglobin concentration

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22
Q

Average liefspan of ebc

A

120

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23
Q

Fate of globin chains in rbc recycling

A

Broken down into amino acids for new protein synthesis

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24
Q

Fate of iron in rbc recycling

A

Transferred by transferrin to bone marrow and used for new hemoglobin

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25
Q

Abnromal variation in the size if the cell

A

Anisocytosis

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26
Q

Abnormal variationnin the ahape of rbcs

A

Poikilocytosis

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27
Q

RBCs form stacks or rolls

A

Rouleaux

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28
Q

Wbc couns exceeding 50,000 with normal looking wbc

A

Lukemoid reaction

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29
Q

Wbc couns exceeding 50,000 with abnormal looking wbc

A

Leukemia

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30
Q

Wbc elevated in bacterial infection

A

Neutrophil

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31
Q

Monocyte in the peripheral blood

A

Macrophage

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32
Q

Elevated during allergic reactions; acid-loving; migrate to tissues with parasitic infection

A

Eosinophils

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33
Q

Work with eosinophils for systemic allergic reaction

A

Basophils

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34
Q

Effect of histamine and bradykinin in inflammation

A

Vasodilation and increased permeability of capillaries

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35
Q

5 signs of inflammation

A

Rubor: rednessDolor: painTumor: swellingCalor: warmth/heatLoss of function

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36
Q

Main adhesion molecule for capture and initiation of rolling of wbc in the inflammatory process; makes the endothelium sticky

A

P-selectin

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37
Q

Mediate the firm adhesion if wbcs in the endothelium

A

E-selectin

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38
Q

Stimulates transmigration of wbc

A

Interleukin 8, cadherin, and cd11/cd18

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39
Q

First line if defense in the blood

A

Neutrophils

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40
Q

First line of defense in the tissues, more powerful than neutrophils

A

Macrophages

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41
Q

Half-life of macrophages

A

17 hours

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42
Q

Macrophages in the liver

A

Kupfer cell

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43
Q

Macrophages in the dermal layes

A

Langerhans cell

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44
Q

Macrophages in the brain

A

Microglia

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45
Q

Maxrophages in the lungs

A

Alveolar macrophage

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46
Q

Phases of hemostasis

A

Vascular phase -vasoconstrictionPlatelet phase - platelet plug formationCoagulation phase - coagulation (blood clotting)Growth of fibrous tissueFibrinolytic phas - lysis of clot

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47
Q

A large glycoprotein which mediates platelet adhesion to injured endothelium; stabilizes factor VIII

A

Von willebrand factor

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48
Q

Secreted by healthy vessels to inhibit platelet aggregation

A

Prostacyclin

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49
Q

Blood test which measure the function of extrinsic and common pathways of clotting

A

Prothrombin time

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50
Q

Role of calcium in clotting

A

Allows clotting to start

51
Q

Test for clotting which measures the integrity of the intrinsic system (factors XII, XI, VII, IX) and common pathway

A

Activated partial thromboplastin time

52
Q

Precipitates and de-ionizes calcium to prevent clotting

A

Citrate and oxalate

53
Q

Three essential steps in clotting

A

Formation of prothrombin activator complexConversion of prothrombin to thrombinConversion of fibrinogen to fibrin fibers

54
Q

Actual enzyme that will convert prothrombin to thrombin

A

Active factor x

55
Q

Platelet activators (5 important)

A

Collagen -from damaged epitheliumADP - from damaged RBCs and activated plateletsThromboxane A2 - from activated plateletsPlatelet factor 3 - from plateletsThrombin -circulating in the plasma

56
Q

Clotting factors 2,7,9,10

A

II- prothrombinVII - proconvertin (stable factor)IX - plasma thromboplastin component, christmas factorX - stuart-prower factor

57
Q

Forms the prothrombin activator complex

A

Factor Xa combines with factor V and phospholipids

58
Q

Point at which both extrinsic and intrinsic pathway converge to form the common pathway

A

Activation of factor X

59
Q

Is a protease that splits prothrombin and activates enzyme thrombin

60
Q

The most potent physiological activator Catalyzes the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

61
Q

Cross-links adjacent fibrin fibers via covalent bondingStrengthens and stabilizes the clot

A

Factor XIII

62
Q

Breaks down fibrin inti soluble fragments

63
Q

Classes of hemorrhage

A

Class I -750 mlClass II - beyond 750 ml, sympathetic stimulation inc HR, cyanotic, cool extremities, hyperventilationClass III - hemorrhagic shock, drop in BP, confusion, PR >100 bpmClass IV - vital organ perfusion is failing

64
Q

Baroreceptor reflexes

A

Fall in bp causes activation of sympathetic adrenergic symptoms:Constricted blood vessels, increased hr, increased contractility

65
Q

Chemoreceptor reflexes in systemic acidosis due to decreased blood flow to organs

A

Sympathetic response

66
Q

Essential cofactor of factors 2,7,9,10

67
Q

Missing factor in hemophilia

A

Factor VIII

68
Q

Function of the c3b in the complement system

A

For opsonization and phagocytosisBinds to surface of the pathogen and makes it more “palatable” for phagocytosis

69
Q

The convergence of all the three pathways of the complement system

A

Formation of c3b

70
Q

Immunoglobulin in primary immune response

71
Q

Immunoglobulin in secondary immune response

72
Q

Helper T cells which help b lymphocytes to produce antibodies

A

Cd4+ t cells / helper t cells

73
Q

Cytotoxic t cells

A

Cd8+ T cells

74
Q

Complication of measles

75
Q

Infant born before completing __ weeks of gestation are prone to developing normochromic and normocytic anemia

76
Q

Anemia of prematurity resolves at __ months

A

3-6 months

77
Q

Basic workup for anemia includes (lab tests)

A

CbcType and coombs testReticulocyte countReview of blood smearSerum bilirubin measurement

78
Q

Physiologic regulator of platelet production

A

Thrombopoietin

79
Q

Platelet disorder where there is defective clot retractionGood platelet count but only half are functional

A

Thrombasthenia

80
Q

A hemorrhagic disease characterized by extravasation if blood into the tissues, the skin, and mucous membranes causing ecchymoses and petechiae

A

Vascular purpura

81
Q

Coagulation system of fetus begins at

A

10-11 weeks gestation

82
Q

Vitamin-k depending clotting factors

A

ii, vii, ix, x

83
Q

Coagulation factors deficient in hemophilia

A

xiii, ix, xi

84
Q

Clotting disorder where platelets have been fully utilized and consumed, resulting to bleeding all over

A

Disseminated intravascular coagulation

85
Q

Week of gestation when surfactant are secreted and detectable amounts are in the amniotic fluid

A

27 weeks if gestation

86
Q

Start of respiratory development in uteri where major airways began to develop (weeks)

87
Q

Pneumocyte type lining the alveoli which are flat with large cytoplasmic extensions; primary lining cells of the alveoli

A

Type I pneumocyte

88
Q

Pneumocyte type lining the alveoli that is thicker and the only ones secreting surfactants in vivo

A

Type II pneumocyte

89
Q

Functions to stabilize the alveoli, prevent collapse, and reduces work of breathing by decreasing surface tension forces

A

Surfactant

90
Q

Marks the transition period from a very dependent respiratory system to an independent system of newborn

A

First breath

91
Q

2 zones if lower respiratory tract

A

1-16 generations: conducting zone (anatomic dead space)17-23 generations: respiratory zone (gas exchanger site)

92
Q

Main inspiratory muscle

93
Q

Maximum volume to which the lungs can be expanded with the greatest effort

A

Total lung capacity

94
Q

Amount of air remaining inside the lungs after normal/quiet expiration

A

Functional residual capacity

95
Q

Maximal amount of air one could still inspire

A

Inspiratory capacity

96
Q

Maximal amount of air a person can expel after first filling to maximum extent and then expiring to maximum extent

A

Vital capacity or forced vital capacity

97
Q

Term which means the ease by which the lungs can be expanded

A

Compliance

98
Q

Is the pressure difference between the alveoli and the mouth divided by a flow rate

A

Airway resistance

99
Q

Inhibits large TV and overdistentionInspiratory inhibitory reflex

A

Hering-Breur inflation reflex

100
Q

Lung receptors stimulated by chemicals injected in the pulmonary circulation, and engorgement of the pulmonary capillaries, increase in interstitial fluid volume

A

J receptors

101
Q

Stage of pediatric lung development:Primary bronchi elongate into the mesenchyme and divide into 2 main bronchi

102
Q

Stage of pediatric lung development:Mesenchyme differentiates into cartilage smooth muscle, and connective tissueAll major conducting airways have formed

A

Pseudoglandular

103
Q

Stage of pediatric lung development:Development of respiratory bronchioles with terminal sacs/primitive alveoliAbility to retain air at end-expirationAbility to maintain functional residual capacityMay survive but with difficulty

A

Canalicular

104
Q

Stage of pediatric lung development:First time contact between the air space and blood streamImmature surfactant

105
Q

Mature lung surfactant ratio

106
Q

Stage of pediatric lung development:With mature surfactant

107
Q

May be injected to the mother to initiate maturation of alveoli

108
Q

Total lung capacity of the newborn

109
Q

Causes a more reactive airway and may cause bronchospasms

A

Histamine and methylcholine

110
Q

Factors opposing first breath

A

Alveolar surface tensionViscosity of lung fluidDegree of lung complianceMucus, blood, meconium, amniotic fluid

111
Q

Inhibits fetal breathing movements

A

Prostaglandin E2

112
Q

Prostaglandin inhibitors whih stimulate FBMs

A

Indomethacin

113
Q

Depresses ventilation in the neonate

A

Prostaglandin E1 and E2, and adenosine

114
Q

Protein-rich edema fluid inhibits

A

Surfactant function

115
Q

Persistent acidemia inhibits

A

Surfactant synthesis

116
Q

How glutamate affects breathing in the newborn

A

Stimulates respiration

117
Q

How glycine and GABA affects breathing

A

Essential for generating respiratory rhythm

118
Q

Age-specific respiratory pathogen in utero

119
Q

Age-specific respiratory pathogen at birth

A

Group B strep/chlamydia

120
Q

Age-specific respiratory pathogen during infancy:

A

H influenza, parainfluenza

121
Q

Age-specific respiratory pathogen for school-aged children

122
Q

Classification of tracheal epithelium

A

ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium

123
Q

Classification of bronchiole epithelium

A

columnar epithelium

Physiology (27 decks)

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