51. Atelectasis and emphysema of the lung

Question 1

ATELECTASIS

Answer 1

– Less air
– Failure of the alveoli to open or to remain open

Question 2

EMPHYSEMA

Answer 2

– More air
– air in the tissues

Question 3

Forms of atelectasis

Answer 3

congenital
acquired

Question 4

congenital atelectasis

Answer 4

– Aspiration of foetal fluids
– Obturation of bronchi
– Interstitial pneumonia

Question 5

acquired atelectasis

Answer 5

obturation due to exudate, bronchiolith, parasites, foreign bodies
compression due to hydrothorax, pneumothorax, ascites, meteorism, tumour, granuloma

Question 6

extension of atelectasis

Answer 6

diffuse or circumscribed

Question 7

pathology of atelectasis

Answer 7

• Smaller, shrunken
• Dark red, greyish red
• Firmer than normally (Like foetal lung)
• No crepitating when cut

Cut surface:
– dark red, homogenous, medium fluid

Question 8

emphysema in general

Answer 8

forced inspiration or incomplete expiration –> excess residual air

Question 9

types of emphysema

Answer 9

acute or chronic
circumscribed or diffuse

Question 10

acute emphysema

Answer 10

pneumonia, atelectasis, bronchitis

Question 11

chronic emphysema

Answer 11

narrowed lumen of the bronchi
repeated physical overload
fibrosis in the lung

Question 12

causes of emphysema

Answer 12

• “worked to death” animals
• long lasting agony
• shock
• drowning
• allergic bronchus spasm
• forced coughing

Question 13

alveolar emphysema definition

Answer 13

partial obturation of the bronchus

Question 14

cause of alveolar emphysema

Answer 14

near atelectatic regions
in acute bronchitis

Question 15

acute alveolar emphysema

Answer 15

– the wall of the alveoli and alveducts extends
and thins, finally disrupts
– the capillaries extend, their lumen tightens

Question 16

chronic Alveolar emphysema

Answer 16

– regressive changes (fibrosis) in the extended wall of the alveoli (disappearance of elastic elements)
– fatty degeneration, atrophy, necrosis in the alveolar cells
– degeneration of capillary endothel
– the fusing alveoli form large caves

Question 17

pathology of emphysema

Answer 17

– enlarged (doesn’t collapse)
– light /pale/ red
– pillow like feeling
– stronger crepitating when cut
– many air bubbles in the decreased amount of fluid on the cut surface
– the enlarged alveoli appear from the pleura and on the cut surface as pin head sized air filled caves

Question 18

chronic form of emphysema pathology

Answer 18

hazelnut- walnut shaped caves

Question 19

Acute interstitial emphysema

Answer 19

cattle
air from disrupted alveoli gets to
- interstitium of the lungs , septae, subpleural
region
–peribronchial and mediastinal lymph nodes
through the lymph vessels
– to the mediastinum
– the entrance of the thoracic cavity
– subcutaneous connective tissue

Question 20

chronic emphysema

Answer 20

in case of microbronchitis
recurrent/ repeated physical stress
infiltration of parenchyma of lungs by ct
equine asthma syndrome

Question 21

Systemic effect of acute emphysema

Answer 21

circulatory disorder
right sided heart failure
acute heart failure

Question 22

Systemic effect of chronic emphysema

Answer 22

hypertrophy on right side