36. developmental anomalies of the heart

Question 1

2 types of congenital defects of heart

Answer 1

genetically coded/ hereditary defects
acquired congenital defects

Question 2

cause of acquired congenital defects

Answer 2

toxins
chemicals
drugs
maternal nutritional deficiencies

Question 3

3 problems that can happen to heart tube

Answer 3

agenesia/agnesis
hypoplasia
ectopia cordia

Question 4

3 types of ectopia cordia

Answer 4

thoracalis
cervicalis
abdominalis

Question 5

congenital defects affecting the septae

Answer 5

ventricular septal defect VSD
atrial septal defect ASD

Question 6

2 types of asd

Answer 6

true atrial septal defect
patent foramen ovale (PFO)

Question 7

what is PFO

Answer 7

fetal cardiac shunt - allows blood to enter left atrium from right atrium

Question 8

congenital defects affecting the valves

Answer 8

pulmonic stenosis
subaortic stenosis
atrioventricular valve dysplasia
valvular cysts

Question 9

what is pulmonic stenosis

Answer 9

malformation of the pulmonic vaalve with a small central orifice

Question 10

what is subaortic stenosis

Answer 10

formation of a fibrous ring below the aortic valve

Question 11

what is atrioventricular valve dysplasia

Answer 11

dysplastic malformation

Question 12

what are valvular cysts

Answer 12

hemocysts or lymphocysts on the AV valves

Question 13

congenital defects affecting the endocardium

Answer 13

endocardial fibroelastosis

Question 14

what are endocaridal fibroelastosis

Answer 14

thickened, opaque, greyish-white
due to increased amount of collagen and elastic fibres

Question 15

congenital defects affecting the blood vessels

Answer 15

persistent truncus arteriosus
transposition of teh aorta and pulmonary artery
PDA
persisitent right aortic arch

Question 16

what is persistent truncus arteriosus

Answer 16

a single large artery originates above a large ventricular septal defect

Question 17

what is pda

Answer 17

fetal cardiac shunt communication btw the pulmonary artery and the aorta which allows blood to bypass lungs

left to right shunt causing pulomnary hypertension

Question 18

what is persistent right aortic arch

Answer 18

the aorta was formed on the right side and hte lig. arteriosum forms a ring constricting the oesophagus and trachea

Question 19

what is tetralogy of fallot

Answer 19

a complicated cardiac anomaly with 4 lesions split into primary and secondary defects

Question 20

what are the primary defects of tetralogy of fallot

Answer 20

ventricular septal defect
pulmonic stenosis
dextroposition of the aorta

Question 21

what is the secondary defect of tetralogy of fallor

Answer 21

right ventricular hypertrophy