43 - Urinary Elimination

Question 1

Micturition

Answer 1

Complex neural response that allows the bladder to contract, the urethral sphincter to relax, and urine to leave the body through the urethra

Question 2

Hematuria or proteinuria

Answer 2

glomeria injury.

Hematuria is the presence of blood in a person’s urine
Proteinuria is increased levels of protein in the urine

Question 3

Renin

Answer 3

controls blood pressure (released in low bp)

Question 4

Urinary tract infections

Answer 4

commonly result from catheterization; may have other causes

an infection in any part of your urinary system — your kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra

Question 5

Urinary retention

Answer 5

an accumulation of urine caused by the inability of the bladder to empty

Question 6

Urinary diversions

Answer 6

diversion of urine to external source
The stoma. Can be due to cancer or trauma, radiation fistulas chronic cystitis, and they can be temporary or they can be permanent

Question 7

Cystitis

Answer 7

inflammation of the bladder. Causes frequesnt urgent senation of need to void. Look for cloudy foul smelling urine.

Question 8

CAUTI

Answer 8

catheter associated UTI. Find out why the catheter was in. A lot of the time it was put in during surgery and then never taken out. You’re free to ask “why do they have this catherder” to check to see why it’s there. Ie. Prosate enlarged, bladder probelems.

Question 9

Transient urinary incontinence

Answer 9

results from something that affects the urinary system, and resolves with treatment.

Urine loss resulting from causes outside of or affecting the urinary system, that resolves when the underlying causes are treated.

So transient gives you the clue that it kind of comes and goes. Acronym DISAPPEAR used to identify common causes.

Delirium, 
Intake of fluids, 
Stool impaction, 
Atrophic vaginitis, 
Psychological problems, 
Pharmacology, 
Excess urine output, 
Abnormal lab values, 
Restricted mobility

Question 10

Urgency UI

Answer 10

when the urge to avoid cannot be postponed.

urine loss associated with or immediately preceded by a sudden an urgent need to void that cannot be postponed. Can be part of an overactive bladder syndrome

Question 11

Stress UI

Answer 11

from something that causes extra abdominal pressure such as sneezing or coughing or laughing. And many times, women who have had children experience stress incontinence later. Later in life, or sometimes even when they’re younger, but they’ve given birth vaginally.

urine loss resulting from increased intra-abdominal pressure such as coughing and sneezing laughing lifting

Question 12

Mixed UI

Answer 12

urgency and stress UI are combined.

Question 13

UI associated with chronic urinary retention

Answer 13

the urine remaining in the bladder after voiding. perhaps due to poor contractility or bottom muscles, spinal cord injury or enlarged prostate.

involuntary loss of urine when the bladder does not completely empty with a high residual urine volume or palpable non painful bladder remaining after voiding

Question 14

Functional UI

Answer 14

urine loss due to the inability to reach the toilet.

So that could be more from things blocking your way. Or your arthritis is so bad you can’t get there.

Question 15

Multifactorial UI

Answer 15

urine loss due to multiple interacting factors both inside and outside the urinary tract

when there are external and internal factors causing the UI. Ee. the person has weak pelvic floor muscles combined with a body that has arthritis which makes it hard to move and they have lots of belongings in their house and those belongings are blocking a clear path to the toilet. All those factors contribute to urinary incontinence.

Question 16

Peritoneal dialysis

Answer 16

occurs in the peritoneal cavity, where dialysate (sterile fluid) is put into the peritoneal cavity and it filters the waste.

Question 17

Hemodialysis

Answer 17

though runs the blood through machine is essentially an external kidney, and it removes excess waste and fluid from the blood that way

Question 18

Renal failure

Answer 18

Irreversible damage to the glomeruli or renal tubules. End stage renal failure the kidneys can no longer function well enough to adequately remove waste from the body or produce urine and you need something to replace the kidneys. Dialysis or organ transplant.

Question 19

Random specimens

Answer 19

for routine analysis and testing electrolytes

Question 20

Urinalysis

Answer 20

pH 
proteins, 
ketones 
blood 
(test within 2hrs of collection)

Question 21

Specific gravity

Answer 21

weight of urine

Question 22

Urine culture

Answer 22

a sterile or clean void sample needed

Question 23

Cytology when do we get the sample

Answer 23

is the exam of a single cell

requires second void in the day (a lot in geriatrics):

Question 24

RUG (retrograde urethrogram) precaution

Answer 24

need to know if they have a shellfish or idodine allergy

Question 25

DTV

Answer 25

due to void

Question 26

Straight catheters

Answer 26

just put in straight bladder and then take it out right away

Question 27

Indwelling catheters

Answer 27

it stays in more permennatly

If people require long term catheterization, they often use a catheter that is designed to stay in place for up to three months

Question 28

incontinence

Answer 28

involuntary loss of urine

Question 29

urgency

Answer 29

sudden and compelling urge to void that cannot be postponed

Question 30

dysuria

Answer 30

painful or difficult urination, burning during urination

Question 31

frequency

Answer 31

voiding more than 8x in 24hrs

Question 32

hesitancy

Answer 32

difficulty initiating urination

Question 33

polyuria

Answer 33

voiding large amounts of urine

Question 34

oliguria

Answer 34

diminished urinary output relative to intake (usually 400mL/24hrs)

Question 35

nocturia

Answer 35

getting up to void one or more times at night

Question 36

dribbling

Answer 36

leakage of urine despite voluntary control of urination

Question 37

hematuria

Answer 37

blood in urine

Question 38

superpubic catheter

Answer 38

involves the surgical placement of a catheter through the abdominal wall directly into the bladder

Question 39

Condom catheters

Answer 39

are sometimes an appropriate option for males who have complete bladder emptying. They come off a lot and aren’t a great alternative. Don’t tape it to the penis, catherder cant expland

Question 40

Continuous irrigation

Answer 40

is used to instill a sterile solution to prevent the formation of blood clots.