39 - Oxygen

Question 1

left sided heart failure

Answer 1

results in excess fluid in the chest.

crackles, SOB, dizziness, confusion. Blood backing up into the lungs

Question 2

right sided heart failure

Answer 2

results in excess fluid throughout the body (swollen feet, other areas might enlarge)

weight gain, distended neck veins, enlarged liver/spleen, swollen feet. The hearts not taking in as much blood as it should. Blood backing up into the rest of the body

Question 3

Starling’s law

Answer 3

A healthy heart stretches in proportion to the strength of contraction

a greater degree of stretch of fibers results in a greater force of contraction

Question 4

Cardiac output

Answer 4

Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute = SV × HR

Question 5

Cardiac index (CI)

Answer 5

Adequacy of cardiac output for individual = cardiac output/body surface area (BSA)

Question 6

Stroke volume (SV)

Answer 6

Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction

Question 7

Preload

Answer 7

End diastolic pressure, pressure of heart at rest between contractions. Can be manipulated through fluid therapy

Question 8

Afterload

Answer 8

Resistance to left ventricular ejection, treated through antihypertensive medications

Question 9

Myocardial contractility

Answer 9

innate ability of the heart muscle to contrac

Affects stroke volume and cardiac output, if muscles don’t contract adequately, they don’t move blood adequatly

Question 10

Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)

Answer 10

monitors electrical activity of cardiac conduction system

Question 11

Autonomic nervous system

Answer 11

Influences the:
• rate of impulse generation
• speed of conduction pathways
• strength of contractions

Question 12

Sympathetic nervous system

Answer 12

Increases the rate of impulse generation and impulse transmission

Question 13

Normal sinus rhythm (NSR)

Answer 13

the rhythm of a healthy heart. It means the electrical impulse from your sinus node is being properly transmitted

Question 14

Heart murmur

Answer 14

conditions that impact the valves resulting backflow through the valves causing a murmur

Question 15

Surfactant

Answer 15

• chemical that prevents the alveoli from sticking together

- elastic fibers in the lungs and surface tension in the fluid film (produces elastic recoil)

Question 16

atelectasis

Answer 16

the collapse of the alveoli

Question 17

Work of breathing WOB

Answer 17

using their muscles to breath, inspiration + expiration

Question 18

Ventilation

Answer 18

The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

Work of breathing

Question 19

Expiration

Answer 19

Passive process for expiration

Question 20

accessory muscles

Answer 20

increased air volume (muscles working extra hard to inspire)
–>con = causes fatigue to the body.

scalene, the sternocleidomastoid, the pectoralis major, the trapezius, and the external intercostals

Question 21

Compliance

Answer 21

ability of the lungs to distend or expand in response to intra alveolar pressure.
-decreased in pulmonary edema, pleural fibrosis and structural abnormality.

Lung compliance is the change in volume in the lungs for a given change in transpulmonary or transmural pressure

Question 22

Airway resistance

Answer 22

pressure difference between the mouth and the alveoli in relation to the rate of flow of Inspired gas (anything that causes an airway obstruction, decreases the amount of air that can flow into the lungs)

Question 23

Spirometry

Answer 23

measure of lung volume

Question 24

Pulmonary circulation

Answer 24

reservoir for blood, gas exchange, acts as filter to remove thrombi from blood

Question 25

Thrombi

Answer 25

blood clots

Question 26

emphysema

Answer 26

a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness. cases walls to break down reducing surface area

Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged. Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture — creating larger air spaces instead of many small ones

Question 27

Hypovolemia

Answer 27

low blood volume
a state of low extracellular fluid volume, caused by shock/dehydration due to fluid loss/reduce blood volume. Characteristics (high pulse, low bp)

Question 28

Hypercapnia

Answer 28

Excessive amounts of CO2 in your bloodstream

Question 29

Dysrhythmias

Answer 29

deviation from normal sinus heart rhythm

Caused by electrical impulses that do not originate from the SA node

Question 30

Atrial Fibrillation

Answer 30

(A-fib) is an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots in the heart.

caused by chaotic electrical impulses, irrugulary irregular rythum

Question 31

Ventriculat tachycardia/Ventricular fibrulation

Answer 31

Ventricular tachycardia (VT or V-tach) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia. It occurs when the lower chamber of the heart beats too fast to pump well and the body doesn’t receive enough oxygenated blood.

Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) is a dangerous type of arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat. the electrical signals that tell your heart muscle to pump cause your ventricles to quiver (fibrillate) instead. The quivering means that your heart is not pumping blood out to the rest of your body