39 - Oxygen Flashcards
left sided heart failure
results in excess fluid in the chest.
crackles, SOB, dizziness, confusion. Blood backing up into the lungs
right sided heart failure
results in excess fluid throughout the body (swollen feet, other areas might enlarge)
weight gain, distended neck veins, enlarged liver/spleen, swollen feet. The hearts not taking in as much blood as it should. Blood backing up into the rest of the body
Starling’s law
A healthy heart stretches in proportion to the strength of contraction
a greater degree of stretch of fibers results in a greater force of contraction
Cardiac output
Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle each minute = SV × HR
Cardiac index (CI)
Adequacy of cardiac output for individual = cardiac output/body surface area (BSA)
Stroke volume (SV)
Amount of blood ejected from the left ventricle with each contraction
Preload
End diastolic pressure, pressure of heart at rest between contractions. Can be manipulated through fluid therapy
Afterload
Resistance to left ventricular ejection, treated through antihypertensive medications
Myocardial contractility
innate ability of the heart muscle to contrac
Affects stroke volume and cardiac output, if muscles don’t contract adequately, they don’t move blood adequatly
Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG)
monitors electrical activity of cardiac conduction system
Autonomic nervous system
Influences the:
• rate of impulse generation
• speed of conduction pathways
• strength of contractions
Sympathetic nervous system
Increases the rate of impulse generation and impulse transmission
Normal sinus rhythm (NSR)
the rhythm of a healthy heart. It means the electrical impulse from your sinus node is being properly transmitted
Heart murmur
conditions that impact the valves resulting backflow through the valves causing a murmur
Surfactant
- chemical that prevents the alveoli from sticking together
- elastic fibers in the lungs and surface tension in the fluid film (produces elastic recoil)
atelectasis
the collapse of the alveoli
Work of breathing WOB
using their muscles to breath, inspiration + expiration
Ventilation
The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs
Work of breathing
Expiration
Passive process for expiration
accessory muscles
increased air volume (muscles working extra hard to inspire)
–>con = causes fatigue to the body.
scalene, the sternocleidomastoid, the pectoralis major, the trapezius, and the external intercostals
Compliance
ability of the lungs to distend or expand in response to intra alveolar pressure.
-decreased in pulmonary edema, pleural fibrosis and structural abnormality.
Lung compliance is the change in volume in the lungs for a given change in transpulmonary or transmural pressure
Airway resistance
pressure difference between the mouth and the alveoli in relation to the rate of flow of Inspired gas (anything that causes an airway obstruction, decreases the amount of air that can flow into the lungs)
Spirometry
measure of lung volume
Pulmonary circulation
reservoir for blood, gas exchange, acts as filter to remove thrombi from blood
Thrombi
blood clots
emphysema
a condition in which the air sacs of the lungs are damaged and enlarged, causing breathlessness. cases walls to break down reducing surface area
Emphysema is a lung condition that causes shortness of breath. In people with emphysema, the air sacs in the lungs (alveoli) are damaged. Over time, the inner walls of the air sacs weaken and rupture — creating larger air spaces instead of many small ones
Hypovolemia
low blood volume
a state of low extracellular fluid volume, caused by shock/dehydration due to fluid loss/reduce blood volume. Characteristics (high pulse, low bp)
Hypercapnia
Excessive amounts of CO2 in your bloodstream
Dysrhythmias
deviation from normal sinus heart rhythm
Caused by electrical impulses that do not originate from the SA node
Atrial Fibrillation
(A-fib) is an irregular and often very rapid heart rhythm (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots in the heart.
caused by chaotic electrical impulses, irrugulary irregular rythum
Ventriculat tachycardia/Ventricular fibrulation
Ventricular tachycardia (VT or V-tach) is a type of abnormal heart rhythm, or arrhythmia. It occurs when the lower chamber of the heart beats too fast to pump well and the body doesn’t receive enough oxygenated blood.
Ventricular fibrillation (V-fib) is a dangerous type of arrhythmia, or irregular heartbeat. the electrical signals that tell your heart muscle to pump cause your ventricles to quiver (fibrillate) instead. The quivering means that your heart is not pumping blood out to the rest of your body
