39 - Oxygen 2.0

Question 1

Asystole

Answer 1

absence of pulse ‘flatline’. Lethal rhythm, no electrical activity

Question 2

Altered cardiac output

Answer 2

Insufficient volume ejected into the systemic and pulmonary circulation

Question 3

Myocardial ischemia

Answer 3

heart muscles dies when coronary arteries are restricted and heart muscles doesn’t get enough O2
Coronary artery flow to the myocardium insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands

Question 4

Angina pectoris

Answer 4

sharp aching chest pain, chest pain or discomfort that occurs when a part of your heart doesn’t get enough blood and oxygen

Question 5

myocardial infarction

Answer 5

‘heart attack’ results when heart doesn’t get enough blood , blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked.

Question 6

acute coronary syndrome

Answer 6

reduced blood flow to the heart, involves imbalance of oxygen supply.

Question 7

Hyperventilation

Answer 7

• Ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism
• caused by anxiety, infection, drugs, acid/base imbalance. Too much CO2 in the body, lets breathe to get rid of it

Question 8

Hypoventilation

Answer 8

breathing that is too shallow or too slow to meet the needs of the body. If a person hypoventilates, the body’s carbon dioxide level rises

• Alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body’s oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide
• seen in COPD with too much O2

Question 9

Hypoxia

Answer 9

• Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level

* apprehension, inability to concentrate, dizziness, behaviour changes.

Question 10

Cyanosis

Answer 10

blue discoloration. Caused by desaturated hemoglobin in capillaries. A late sign of hypoxia.

Question 11

Orthopnea

Answer 11

sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing. must use multiple pillows when lying down or bend over to breathe ‘positional breathing’

Question 12

Hemoptysis

Answer 12

bloody sputum, the spitting of blood that originated in the lungs or bronchial tubes

Question 13

Productive Coughing

Answer 13

any cough that produces mucus

Question 14

Hematemesis

Answer 14

vomiting blood

Question 15

Eupnea

Answer 15

normal breathing rate (12-20)

Question 16

Tachypnea

Answer 16

increased respiratory rate (>20)

Question 17

Bradypnea

Answer 17

decreased respiratory rate (<12)

Question 18

Apnea

Answer 18

absence of respiration >15 seconds

Question 19

Kussmaul breathing

Answer 19

fast, deep breaths that occur in response to metabolic acidosis. (Acidosis isa condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids.)

Question 20

Patent airway

Answer 20

trachea, brochi and large airways are free from obstruction

Question 21

Dyspnea

Answer 21

difficult or labored breathing

Question 22

Nebulization

Answer 22

small machine that turns liquid medicine into a mist.

Question 23

Pulmonary secretions

Answer 23

Secretion are problematic if too viscous

humidification, nebulization, chest physiotherapy, postural drainage

Question 24

Suctioning techniques

Answer 24

Suctioning needed if a patient is unable to clear secreations during coughing

Mouth = clean, treachea = sterile. Start suction with sterile then move to clean

oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning, orotracheal and nasotracheal suctioning, tracheal suctioning

Question 25

Artificial airways

Answer 25

oral airway, endotracheal and tracheal airway

ET (endotracheal) airway = short term
Tracheostomy = long term

Question 26

Pneumothorax

Answer 26

collection of air in pleural space. Loss of negative intrapleural pressure causes the lung to collapse

Question 27

Hemothorax

Answer 27

accumulation of blood or fluid in pleural cavity. Results in increased pressure preventing lung from expanding.

Question 28

High Flow devices

Answer 28

deliver oxygen above normal inspiratory flow rate

Question 29

Pursed Lip Breathing

Answer 29

deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse

Question 30

Diaphragmatic Breathing

Answer 30

more difficult and required patient to relax accessory respiratory muscles during inspirations. Concentrate on expanding diaphragm.