39 - Oxygen 2.0 Flashcards
Asystole
absence of pulse ‘flatline’. Lethal rhythm, no electrical activity
Altered cardiac output
Insufficient volume ejected into the systemic and pulmonary circulation
Myocardial ischemia
heart muscles dies when coronary arteries are restricted and heart muscles doesn’t get enough O2
Coronary artery flow to the myocardium insufficient to meet myocardial oxygen demands
Angina pectoris
sharp aching chest pain, chest pain or discomfort that occurs when a part of your heart doesn’t get enough blood and oxygen
myocardial infarction
‘heart attack’ results when heart doesn’t get enough blood , blood flow to the heart muscle is blocked.
acute coronary syndrome
reduced blood flow to the heart, involves imbalance of oxygen supply.
Hyperventilation
- Ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism
- caused by anxiety, infection, drugs, acid/base imbalance. Too much CO2 in the body, lets breathe to get rid of it
Hypoventilation
breathing that is too shallow or too slow to meet the needs of the body. If a person hypoventilates, the body’s carbon dioxide level rises
- Alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body’s oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide
- seen in COPD with too much O2
Hypoxia
- Inadequate tissue oxygenation at the cellular level
* apprehension, inability to concentrate, dizziness, behaviour changes.
Cyanosis
blue discoloration. Caused by desaturated hemoglobin in capillaries. A late sign of hypoxia.
Orthopnea
sensation of breathlessness in the recumbent position, relieved by sitting or standing. must use multiple pillows when lying down or bend over to breathe ‘positional breathing’
Hemoptysis
bloody sputum, the spitting of blood that originated in the lungs or bronchial tubes
Productive Coughing
any cough that produces mucus
Hematemesis
vomiting blood
Eupnea
normal breathing rate (12-20)
Tachypnea
increased respiratory rate (>20)
Bradypnea
decreased respiratory rate (<12)
Apnea
absence of respiration >15 seconds
Kussmaul breathing
fast, deep breaths that occur in response to metabolic acidosis. (Acidosis isa condition in which there is too much acid in the body fluids.)
Patent airway
trachea, brochi and large airways are free from obstruction
Dyspnea
difficult or labored breathing
Nebulization
small machine that turns liquid medicine into a mist.
Pulmonary secretions
Secretion are problematic if too viscous
humidification, nebulization, chest physiotherapy, postural drainage
Suctioning techniques
Suctioning needed if a patient is unable to clear secreations during coughing
Mouth = clean, treachea = sterile. Start suction with sterile then move to clean
oropharyngeal and nasopharyngeal suctioning, orotracheal and nasotracheal suctioning, tracheal suctioning
Artificial airways
oral airway, endotracheal and tracheal airway
ET (endotracheal) airway = short term
Tracheostomy = long term
Pneumothorax
collection of air in pleural space. Loss of negative intrapleural pressure causes the lung to collapse
Hemothorax
accumulation of blood or fluid in pleural cavity. Results in increased pressure preventing lung from expanding.
High Flow devices
deliver oxygen above normal inspiratory flow rate
Pursed Lip Breathing
deep inspiration and prolonged expiration through pursed lips to prevent alveolar collapse
Diaphragmatic Breathing
more difficult and required patient to relax accessory respiratory muscles during inspirations. Concentrate on expanding diaphragm.
