4.3 Human and physical influences on global interactions

Question 1

what are the big political umbrella factors that are affecting global interactions?

Answer 1

multi-governmental organisations (MGOs)

free trade zones

econmoic migration controles and rules

Question 2

what is a multi-govermntal organisation?

Answer 2

an organisation consisting of several sovereign states

Question 3

until relivily resantly, the would was becomeing more connected, how were investors, TNCs and nations benifiting from this?

Answer 3

greater access to raw materials and natural resources

access to new markets

access to cheap/skilled labour

the ability ot achieve competitive advantage through increased efficiency, greater productivity or cost reduction.

Question 4

what has been the pattern in MGOs since 2010?

Answer 4

since 2010, there has been a rise in nationalism (for example the Uks Brexit vote), protectionism (for example, President Trump’s policies in the USA), and an increase in tariffs (the USA and China) and a stepping back from global interactions.

Question 5

what is a free trade zone?

Answer 5

a relatively small-scale special economic zone in which goods may be imported and manufactured and re-exported without any customs duty (tax). They are often located close to ports, airports and national boundaries to take advantage of their location for trade.

Question 6

what is the past nature of free tade zones but wat are they turning inot now?

Answer 6

Originally, free trade zones offered warehousing, storage and distribution facitlies for trade, transhipment and re-export operations, but increasingly they focus on service industries including software, financial services, reaserch and back office oppriations,

Question 7

what is illegal immigration?

Answer 7

illegal immigration to the USA refers to foreign nationals voluntarily residing in the country in violation of US immigration and nationality laws.

Illegal immigration carries a civil penalty. Punishment can include fines, imprisonment and deportation.

Question 8

Give a bit more of a case study for illegal immigrants to the USA?

Answer 8

It is estimated that there are around 12 million illegal immigrants in the USA.

Around 5.5 million migrant have overstayed their visas whereas about 7 million crossed the border illegally.

Illegal migration over the US-Mexico border is concentrated around big border cities such as El Paso in Texas and San Diego in California, which have extensive border fencing and patrol. Stricter enforcement of the border in cities has failed to curb illegal immigration, instead pushing the flow to more remote regions.

in 2007, the US Congress approved a plan calling for more fencing along the Mexican border, with funds for approximately 700 miles of new fencing. In 2017, US president Trump called for the wall to be complete- an to be paid for by Mexico.

Question 9

what is meant by ‘our shrinking word’ in terms of technology?

Answer 9

the development and expansion of innovative technology, including the internet, email and smartphones, has changed how people interact, communicate and share. Individuals and businesses buy, sell and communicate via the Internet every day.

Some countries are concerned about the free flow od data and have placed barriers to restrict such flows.

Question 10

what are some ways in which counties are putting bans of data flows? can you evaluate this?

Answer 10

In trade agreements, governments can restrict the data that crosses borders.

However, unnecessary barriers to cross-border data flow create considerable obstacles to global trade.

Question 11

what umbrella ideas are discussed under “our shrinking world and forced driving technological innovation”?

Answer 11

changing global data flow patterns and trends

transport developments over time

patterns and trends in communication infrastructure and use

Question 12

can you give some detail to changing global data flow patterns and trends s one of the umbrella ideas are discussed under “our shrinking world and forced driving technological innovation”?

Answer 12

About 1/8 of the global goods trade is carried out by international e-commerce, and about half of the world’s traded services are already digitalised.

Digitization allows the instantaneous exchange of virtual goods such as e-books, apps, online games, MP3 music files and streaming services.

For example, when Netflix expanded its business model from mailing DVDs to online streaming, it increased its market to over 190 counties. Digital platforms allow companies to reach beyond the constraints of small local markets and reach a global audience.

Question 13

where are digital networks concentrated geographically?

Answer 13

although most counties are participating in digital networks, global flows are concentrated among a comparatively small number of users.

The USA, Europe and Singapore are at the centre of the words digital networks.

Question 14

can you give some detail to transport developments over time’ as one of the umbrella ideas are discussed under “our shrinking world and forced driving technological innovation”?

Answer 14

between 1500 and 1840, the best average speed for horse-drawn carriages was just 10 mph. This meant it took a long time to travel between places. By the 1960s passenger jes could travel at speeds between 500 and 700 mph. Thus, the time needed to travel between faraway places was much reduced.

Finally, in the modern era, information can be sent around the world by the internet in a matter of seconds.

Question 15

what is ‘time-space convergence’?

Answer 15

the term refers to the ways in which the time required to ‘travel’ from one place to another is decreasing.

It suggests that places are getting closer together, not in a physical sense but in the time needed to travel between them.

Question 16

explain how ‘patterns and trends in communication infrastructure and use’ are one of the umbrella ideas for ‘our shrinking world’?

Answer 16

information and communication technologies (ICTs) offer increased potential for advancing progress toward economic and social development objectives.

E-commerce is growing in all parts of the world, but many developing countries remain relatively unprepared for the shift from offline to online trade. less than 5% of the population in most of these economies buy goods and services online.

The digital economy is bringing new risks along side opportunities, and emerging technologies such as advanced robotics, artificial intelligence, cloud computing and 3D printing are already disrupting economies and societies.

Question 17

what are the two umbrella ideas you want to explore when looking at the influences of the physical environment on global interactions?

Answer 17

natural resource availability

the potentially limiting effect of geographical isolation, at varying scales.

Question 18

care to expand more on natural resource availability as a factor influencing the physical environment on global interactions?

Answer 18

NRA (NATURAL RESOURCE AVAILABILITY) is an important determinant in physical trade patterns, as it has a high correlation to physical trade balances.

Since 1990, 10% of the resource-rich countries (only 15) have been net suppliers of materials to global markets. The countries with the highest proportion of of resources are mainly large countries such as such as ussia, Canada and the US. The counties with the least are mostly sub-Saharan African counties such as Botswana and Mali.

there are a few remarkable exheptions. SOme of the worlds most resroce rich such as China and Inida are net importers and some of the poorer counties such as Latvia were net exporters..

Question 19

care to expand more on the potentially limiting effect of geographic isolation as a factor influencing the physical environment on global interactions?

Answer 19

isolation from world markets can be a major limiting factor. Peripheral areas have increased transport costs and times which may reduce access to markets.

Counties that are landlocked may also have to pay substantial tariffs to export their goods. For example, South Sudan has to pay either Sudan or Kenya to get its il to the coast. Landlocked countries may also have to pay for using another air space.

Question 20

what are the evaluation, synthesis and skills you will need to be thinking about when emplying anything from this sub unit?

Answer 20

how diffrent globalizing factors and processes are interlinked and interact in complex ways.

How globalization has varied in its speed and extent over time.

Question 21

what are the evaluation, synthesis and skills you will need to be thinking about when emplying anything from this sub unit?

Answer 21

how diffrent globalizing factors and processes are interlinked and interact in complex ways

how globalisation ha varied in its speed and extent over time

Question 22

what is a definition for a trade restiction?

Answer 22

A trade restriction is an artificial restriction on the trade of goods and/or services between two or more countries. It is the byproduct of protectionism.

Question 23

what is an example of a disruption to trade that occurred recently?

Answer 23

in the first two months of 2024, global trade was held back by disruption to two critical shipping routes – attacks on vessels in the Red Sea area meant that there was traffic in the Suez Canal. The suez canal is where 15% of global marine trade volume normally passes, and therefore its slowing down drastically hurt companies with limited inventory.

Question 24

what are you examples of MGOs?

Answer 24

Eu and SADEC

Question 25

what is a geographically isolated place/ perfirical area?

Answer 25

the Cape York Peninsula in Australia