1.2 changing populations and places. Flashcards
define the natural increase rate. How it is calculated and what is does not include in comparison to population change.
Natural increase rate occurs when birth rate exceeds death rate. It is calculated by subratctiting the crude death rate from the crude birth rate and giving the answer as a percentage. It does not include any form of migration unlike population change.
define the total fertility rate. Where in general can you expect to fin the highest TFR and what are two factors effecting it.
Total fertility rate is the average number of births per thousand women of childbearing age. A high FR is often seen in LICs. The fertility rate is effected by sociocultural and economic factors.
Define Life expectancy. What are factors effecting it. And why you should not assume that the later yeas are spent well.
Life expectancy is the average number of years that a person can be expected to live, usually from birth, assuming that the demographic factors remain unchanged.
Poverty- illness and conflict.
Gender- men do more damaging physical labour and are more likely to live a destructive life style of smocking and alcohol. Later years can be bad due to NCD such as parking sons or cancer.
what is population structure referring too? what are some measurable characteristics of aa population? what is often used to show these characteristics.
a population structure or ‘composition’ refers to measurable characteristic of a population. For example age, sex, ethnicity, language, religion or occupation. Population pyramids are often used to demonstrate these characteristics.
how is information for a age/sex pyramid collected? and why do the people collecting it want the information.
By the government through a census. It can help them establish present and future needs of a county.
In an age/sex pyramid, what does a wide base indicate? and what does a narrow base indicate?
wide base- high birthrates
narrow base- low birth rates.
in an age/sex pyramid, what do straight or near vertical sides indicate?
low death rates.
what do concave sloped on an age/sex pyramid indicate?
high death rates.
in age/sex pyramids, what might a bulg indicate?
high immigration rates or in-migration. An excess in economical migrants males 20-35. execs of elderly or a baby boom.
in an age/sex pyramid, you sometimes find ‘slices’ what do they indicate?
a slice can indicate emigration or out-migration. It can also indicate age or sex specific deaths e.g epidemics or war.
what is the dependancy ratio?
the dependency ration measures the ration of the working population and the dependant population.
what is the formula for the dependancy ratio?
pendant population over
population aged 16-64 (economically active)
times by 100.
why is the dependancy ration considered a crude measure?
because many people probably stay in school after 15 and many work after 64.
why is the dependancy ratio useful?
because its useful comparing countries or taking changes over time.
why is the demographic transition model useful?
it can be applied to all counties.
It shows change over time
it shows natural increase.
it can be useful to estimate population structure.
what are some features of stage one in the DTM?
high and variable - birth and death rates.
population growth fluctuates.
few counties mostly tribes are at this stage.
what are some factors causing high birth and high death rates?
Birth-
parents want children for labour
to take care of them when they get old
to continue family name
to replace other children that have died
lack of contraception
Death-
no clean water
poverty
no health care
crowding and low wast management
leading to disease.
what are some features of stage 2 of the DTM?
early expanding
less death rates but still high birth.
leading to a quickly increasing population.
e.g Afganistan.
what are some features of stage 3 of DTM?
late expanding.
birth rate drops and death stay the same.
smaller rate of increase than stage 2.
Brazil and Argentina.
what are some feature of stage 4 of the DTM?
lower stationary
low and variable
population growth fluctuates
the population declines.
UK
what are some features of stage 5 of the DTM?
low decline
birth rate is lower than the death rate.
population is declining.
Japan
in stage 5 of the DTM, what is causing the low birth and death rates?
Birth-
children are very expensive.
women want a career more.
as infant mortality rate decreases less need for back up children.
Death- movement funding health
government providing pensions.
clean water
lower population density
rising standard of living.
when dealing with a case study, it is important to take SPEED into consideration. What does SPEED stand for?
social
political
economic
enviromental
demographics
when looking at push factors for migration you want to conniver the E in SPEED which is envrioment. What can you say about the envirmoemnt to make it a push factor?
the envirmoent is not Conducive
what s internal migration?
Internal migration is when people migrate within the same country or region - for example, moving from London to Plymouth.
what is international migration?
International migration is when people migrate from one country to another - for example, moving from Mexico to the USA.
what is emigration?
Emigration - when someone leaves a country.
what is immigration?
Immigration - when someone enters a country.
