4.1 global interactions and global power.

Question 1

what is globalisation?

Answer 1

an umbrella term used to describe a viarity of ways in which places and people are now more connected with one another than they used to be.

Question 2

what is KOF and what do they do?

Answer 2

The Swiss Institute for business Cycle reasurch. They produce an annual index of globalisation.

Question 3

what is KOFs example of the most globalised counties in 2014?

Answer 3

Ireland and Belgium.

Question 4

how does KOF measure levels of economic globalization?

Answer 4

examining trade, FDI figures and restrictions on international trade.

Question 5

how does KOF measure the leveles of political globalisations?

Answer 5

how many embassies are found in a country and the number of UN peace missions it has participated in..

Question 6

how does KOF measure the levels of social globalization?

Answer 6

levels of internet use, TV ownership and import and export of books.

Question 7

what is the common criticism of KOF?

Answer 7

does a TV really make a family more globalised?

the reasons behind volentering troops for US missions can be more complex than just globalization. Just because a country is more economically globalised does not mean they are the most military productive, for example Japan.

Question 8

what is the common criticism of KOF?

Answer 8

does a TV really make a family more globalised?

the reasons behind volentering troops for US missions can be more complex than just globalization. Just because a country is more economically globalised does not mean they are the most military productive, for example Japan.

Question 9

what is another index one can use to measure globalization?

Answer 9

AT Kearney World Cities Index.

Question 10

how does the AT Kearney index rank its cities?

Answer 10

by analysing the business activity, cultural experience and political engagement.

Question 11

how does the AT Kearney Index collect its data?

Answer 11

counting the number of TNCs headquarters, muesums and foreign embassies.

Question 12

what is a common criticism between the KOF index and the AT Kearney index?

Answer 12

1) because they both combine many data sources, they can be critiqued on the grounds of reliability and validity.

2) some of their indicators are arguably poor proxies for globalisations (such as the TV per family)

Question 13

how might there data be wrong?

Answer 13

because some data suffers from crude averaging and statistical gaps.

Question 14

what is better than these indicies of globalisation?

Answer 14

a properly sampled and peer-revised scientific surveys of climate data for different counties.

Question 15

can you name a historic global superpower, and what there influence effected?

Answer 15

the British empire, a colonial power, as a result there was a diffusions of European languages, religions, law, customs, art and sport on a global scale

Question 16

what is Neo-colonialism?

Answer 16

the indirect actions by which developed counties exercise a degree of control over the development of their former colonies.

Question 17

what Is soft power

Answer 17

it means the power of persuasion that some counties do by making their politics seem attractive and appealing ignorer to persuade other counties to have similar politics.

Question 18

what are some examples of soft power?

Answer 18

media, language, politics, music

Question 19

what are some examples of how Neo-colonialism done?

Answer 19

military or economic support, aid and loans.

Question 20

what is hard power?

Answer 20

this when counties get their way using force. this can include, invasion, war and conflict.

economic power can also be used as a method of hard power; sanctions and trade bans can cause great harm to other states.

Question 21

what makes up smart power?

Answer 21

hard power + soft power

Question 22

what are some counties that can be considered global superpowers?

Answer 22

china as it became the worlds largest economy in 2014.

other emerging economies such as India and Indonesia.

Russia uses military forces and exports of gas to mention influence (think how the war with Ukraine has affected the rest of the world.)

Question 23

what are som quantitive measures you can use to decide is a country is a superpower?

Answer 23

total GDP
total population
nuclear warheads
TNCs.

Question 24

what counties are your case studies for global superpowers?

Answer 24

USA and China.

Question 25

what are the world leading superpowers?

Answer 25

USA and China.

Question 26

what was the USA until recently called and why?

Answer 26

the ‘hyper power’ because it was the dominant country in all aspect of power.

Question 27

why did it become harder for the USA to sustain the unipolar power?

Answer 27

because of the GFC (global finance crisis)

Question 28

when it comes to analysing the USA as global super power, what are some status to make into consideration?

Answer 28

the 320 million people who live the America own more than 40% of the globes personal wealth.

US cultural influence is so strong that terms like ‘Americanisation’ or ‘Mcdonlizaion’ were widely used to discrbe food, media and clothing/

The USA has used a combination of military power and convert intelligence to intervene in over 50 state affairs.

Question 29

can you explain how china become a global super power?

Answer 29

prior to 1978, china was poor and politically isolated, ‘switched off’ from the global economy.
Under the communist leadership of Mao Zedong, millions died from famine.
This changed in 1978 when Deng Xiaoping began the radical ‘open door’ reforms that allowed China to embrace globalisation when remaining under one party rule.

Question 30

what is a fact for china as a global super power today?

Answer 30

today, China is the worlds second lageest economy. Over 400 million of its people are through to have escaped poverty since the reform began.

FDI from china and it TNCs is predicted to total 1.25 trillion dollars between 2015-2025.

Question 31

what are the evaluating points you can make about the USA as a global super power?

Answer 31

the USAs influence over international organisation such as the UN and NATO gives it greater political influence than any other states.

The US was the main architect of the global economy style at the end of WWll. Over time the free market philosophy that institiusitons like the world bank promote became known as ‘the Washington consensus’.

Trumpthrough USA had lost too much power to chhina

Question 32

what are the evaluating points you can make about the China as a global super power?

Answer 32

the average income of chinas population is still less that one-third of US citizens.

the country faces rising challenges of a ageing population. Alegacy of their one child policy, restrictions were lifted on 26 July 2021, however In 2022, the number of births in China hit another record low of 9.56 million births

China lacks the soft power of the US, in part due to its cultural isolation form the rest of the world, (few foreign films are allowed into china and internet freedoms are restricted by government)

The lack of democracy in China also adversely affects its international relations with other counties.

Question 33

who is in the G8?

Answer 33

the ‘group of eight’ nations includes the USA, Japan, Uk, Germany, Italy, France, Canada and Russia?

Question 34

what is the G7?

Answer 34

it is the G8 but where Russia is excluded.

Question 35

what do the G8 do?

Answer 35

since 1975, the worlds largest economies have been meeting to coordinate their responses to common economic challenges.

Question 36

what is an example of action the G8 have taken?

Answer 36

in 2011, the G8 acted to stablaize Japans economy after the Tsunami.

Question 37

why is the G8 becoming less relevant as a forum for international diction making?

Answer 37

because it dose not include some of the wolds leading economies such as China, India and Brazil.

Question 38

what is the G20? and why is it problematic?

Answer 38

the G8 plus all the others. Beaucse it is such a large group of such varrieing counties it can be hard to make dicision and act on issues.

Question 39

what does OECD stand for?

Answer 39

the Organisation of economic cooperation and development.

Question 40

who is the OECD?

Answer 40

A grouping of high income and middle income nations such as Mexico, Spain and Sweden.

Question 41

what is the OECD?

Answer 41

is a unique forum where the governments of 37 democracies with market-based economies collaborate to develop policy standards to promote sustainable economic growth.

Question 42

what are the two things members of the OECD have already signed on?

Answer 42

to protect the environment and to work together on tacking the ageing population.

Question 43

what are some successes on the OECD?

Answer 43

they have made good progress towards clamping down on tax evasions by TNCs. They have made it harder for firms to hide money in tax havens.

Question 44

what was the big falter of the OECD?

Answer 44

their economists failed to predict the slowdown in the worlds economy which began in 2008.

Question 45

what does the OPEC stand for?

Answer 45

the organization of petroleum exporting counties

Question 46

what and who makes up the OPEC?

Answer 46

it is a wealthy and important global grouping oof counties that have made their money through increasing oil demands, examples include Saudi Arabia and Qatar

Question 47

what affect does the world global dependancy have on the OPEC?

Answer 47

it makes them key political player with real influence on the world stage.

Question 48

what are some similarities between all the members of the OPEC?

Answer 48

they have suffered destabilising effects of civil war, insurgency and international conflict.

Question 49

what is the ‘oil curse theory’?

Answer 49

that oil can actually hinder rather than help a counties development.

Question 50

what was a negative moment of the OPEC and what was the effect?

Answer 50

the collapse of the worlds oil prices in 2015 left several members in need of a financial bail out from the IMF.

Question 51

what does the IMF stand for?

Answer 51

International monetary fund.

Question 52

what does the IMF do?

Answer 52

they monitor the economic development of counties. Under the umbrella of the UN, it lends money to states in financial difficulty which have applied for assistance.

Question 53

where do the IMF provide help?

Answer 53

the IMF provides help to countires across the development spectrum when they encounter financial difficulty.

Question 54

can you give an example where the IMF has helped?

Answer 54

between 2010 and 2015 the IMF provided Greece with US$40 billion to help end a period of financial crises.

Question 55

what are the two critics of the IMF?

Answer 55

the IMF rules and regulations are controversial, in return for help the counties has to run free-market economies that are open to investment from foreign TNCs.
Government may have to cut bank from health care and education.

critics say that the USA and European counters expert too much influence over IMF polices.

Question 56

how was the New development bank formed?

Answer 56

in 2014,, the BRICS of nations announced the establishment of the NDB as an alternative to the IMF.

Question 57

what else was set up along side the NDB?

Answer 57

the CDB, Chinas development bank, which loaned more than US$110 billion to developing counties in 2010.

Question 58

what is the benefit of the NDB and the CDB?

Answer 58

it means that poorer national no longer have to agree to the leading terms of the US dominated IMF. This can be viewed as a step to a more democratic world order.

Question 59

what are the negatives of the NDB and CDB?

Answer 59

they have far less experience than the IMF when it comes to managing global economic systems.

Question 60

what are the evaluation, synthesis and skills you will need to be thinking about when emplying anything from this sub unit?

Answer 60

How wealthy and powerfull places exist at varying scales.

How the globalisation map is complex and dynamic over varying timescales.