3.1. Global trends in consumption Flashcards
what are some facts about the positive impacts of the Millennium development goals on reducing poverty?
Between 1990 and 2015, the number of people living in extream poverty fell from 1.9 billion to around 840 million.
The amount of people in LICs who were living in extream poverty fell from 50% in 1990 to 14% in 2015.
In contrast, the middle class population in LICs – those living on at least $4 a day – increased from 18% to nearly 50% in 2015.
If we are observing the global population by income between 1965 and 2030, how are various sections in the economy changing?
TOP
The ranks of the world’s wealthy will continue to get bigger as the emerging market nations create more millionaires.
MIDDLE
The biggest surge in new members of the middle class over the next 20 years will come from the hundreds of millions of Chines and Indians: the persentage of people in India and Chin below the middle will have droped by 70% by 2030.
BOTTOM
The persentage of poor people in the world has been on the rise for decades, but it will start t shrink as millions of Chinese and Indian citizens rise out of poverty.
why is the increasing middle class sector a economic feature?
as it helpes to increase slaes of consumer goods such as electrical goods, mobile phones and cars.
Sales of cars and moterbikes for example, increased by over 800% between 2009-2020.
what is the evaluative points you need to make about the growth of the global middle class?
Not all the middle class has econmic security. Many people on incomes over 4$ a day remain venerable to unemployment and underemplyment, espcially thoes working in informal activites.
There has also been uneven progress in reducing poverty. Over 800 million people still live in extream poverty and approximatly half of the workers work in unsafe condition.
what is a ecological footprint?
An ecologial footprint is the hypothetical area of land required by a socity, population or individual to forfil all their reasorce needs and assimilate all their waste.
It is messgured in global hectares (GHA)
why are ecological footprint benifitial to haev and alanayse?
ecological footprint can act as a model for monotoring enviromental impact over time.
The can also aloowed for dircet comparisons between countries/areas, such as comparing HICs and LICS.
They can hilight sustanbible and unsustainible lifestyles, for examples, population with a larger footprint then their land area are living beyon their sustanible limits.
what is earths biological capacity?
The avalible biological capacity for the popualtion on earth is about 1.3 hectares of land per person (or 1.8 global hectares if marine areas are included as a sorce of productivity).
outline chnages in ecological footprints for HICs, MICS and LICs over time?
LICs tends to have smaller ecological footprints than HICs because of their much smaller rates of resorces consumption. In HICs, people have more disposable income, leading to a gretaer demand for and consumption of energy reasroces.
HICs reasroces use is often wastefull and HICs produce far more wste and pollusion.
People in LICs, by contrast, have less to spend on consumption and the nformal economy in LICS is responsible for recycling many reasroces. However, as LICS develop, their ecological footprint size increases.
outline the general pattern in water globally?
Water is unevenly distributed one the world; over 780 million people do not have access to enough or safe water. Demand for clean water will increase due to population growth and rising standards of living.
The increased demand for renewable water energy will furthere streach the earths water resources.
what is lickly to happen to water avaliability in the future?
Water avalibility is likely to decrease in many regions.
For example, up to 300 million people in sub-Saharan Africa live in a water- scare eniroment, and climate chnage will increase water stress in many other areas too, such as Central and Southern Europe.
HICS are maintaining or increasing their consumption of reaseoces such as water. the avrage North American and Western European adult consumes 3m cubed a day, compared with around 1.4 m cubed per day in Asia. An increasing proportion of this water is embdeded in agreculture and manifactured product.
what is the relationship between water necessity and and economc/ demographic factors?
More wter will be required to produce food for the worlds growing population, partly beacue of changes in diet(meat has a mcuh higher fresh water footprint than vedge, people in emerging economes like asia see meant as a luxuary and they are beoming more rich). Much of the growth ill be in LICs, many of which are already experiancing water stress.
what are some trends which are increaing the pressure t manage water more efficiently?
Population growth, (Theworlds population is expected to reach 8.5 billion in 2030 and 9.7 billion by 2050).
the growth of the global middle class- increasing affluence leads to greater water consumption
the growth of tourism and recreation
urbanisation- urban areas require significant investment in water and sanitation facilities
climate chnage
what is virtual water?
The concept of virtual (or embedded) water refers to the way in which water is tranfered from one country to another through its exports, such as in foods, flowers or manifactured goods.
It allows coynties with limited water reacorces t import or outsource their water from contries that have more water resources. It also allows a country to reduce the use of its own water resources by importing goods.
what is the general trend in the avalibility of land and food consumption? calories
Food intake (measured in calorie intake) has steadily increased as the world’s population has increased.
Calorie intake has remained steady in sub-saharan Africa, but is has increased dramatically in East Asia, the Middle East and North Africa.
However, land avalibility per person has declined in mnay areas due to a combination of rapid population growth, land use changes and land grabs by foreign TNCS. Increasing urbanisation is another factor affecting the demand for meat and the avalibility of land.
when might a country’s diet chnage and how does it do so?
As countries develope, there is a chnage in diet away from carbohydrates towards a more varied diet including meat, vegetables and dairy products.
Global meat production was 218 million tonnnes in 1998 and is predicted to reach 376 million tonnes by 2030.
talk briefly about fish in relation to changing consumption patterns?
Since 1961, total fish supply and consumption have increased by about 3.6% per year whilst the worlds popultion has only been growing at 1.8% per year.
However, production from the worlds ocean fisharies has levelled off since the 1970s, largly because of overfishing.
However, the considrable growth in aqueculture has filled the gap left by the drop in wild fish stock.
what have been the rates of food production in recent years?
In recent years, the growth rates of food production and crop yields have been falling. Some of this reduction can be put down to and increase in natural hazards associated with climate change such as fires, floods and drought, as well as the use of land to produce bio fules.
Food shortages have lead to a rise in riots in Indionesia, Egypt and across North Africa.
what are the three main ways of of increasing crop production?
extensification- expanding the area farmed
multicropping- harvesting two or more crops a year.
intensification- for example by using high yeild viarities or genetically modified crops.
care to evaluate the three main ways of increasing crop production?
some scientists belive that all three of these may be reaching their limits. Others suggest that there are many other ways of increasing food production, such as reducing food losses, improving food storage, in vitro meat farming and vertical farming.
what is happening to food consumption rates and population growth begins to slow?’
As the worlds population growth slows, and high rates of food consumption per person are reached, the growth in demand for food will be reduced.
According to the FAO, the growth in the demand for food is lickly to fall from the 2.2% per year to 1.5% by 2050. However, this is still an increase.
what is the general pattern/trend in avalibility and consumption of energy?
The period from 1985 to 2003 was an era of energy security, but since 2004 there has been an ear of energy insecurity.
Following the energy crisis of 1973 and the Iraq war (1990-1), there was a period of low oil prices and energy security.
what are some other reasons why energy insecurity has risen?
- Increased demand, especially from newly industrializing countries (NICs)
- Decreased reserves as non-renewable supplies are used up.
- geopolitical developments, for example, the 2022 conflict between Russia and Ukraine.
- global warming and natural disasters have increased awarness about the missyse in energy reasorces.
- terrorist activity such as in Syria.
generally, how does a country achieve energy security and avoid energy insecurity?
For most countries, a diversified energy mix offers the best energy security. Depending on a single source, especially from a singular supplier, is more likely to lead to energy insecurity.
