3.1. Global trends in consumption

Question 1

what are some facts about the positive impacts of the Millennium development goals on reducing poverty?

Answer 1

Between 1990 and 2015, the number of people living in extream poverty fell from 1.9 billion to around 840 million.

The amount of people in LICs who were living in extream poverty fell from 50% in 1990 to 14% in 2015.

In contrast, the middle class population in LICs – those living on at least $4 a day – increased from 18% to nearly 50% in 2015.

Question 2

If we are observing the global population by income between 1965 and 2030, how are various sections in the economy changing?

Answer 2

TOP
The ranks of the world’s wealthy will continue to get bigger as the emerging market nations create more millionaires.

MIDDLE
The biggest surge in new members of the middle class over the next 20 years will come from the hundreds of millions of Chines and Indians: the persentage of people in India and Chin below the middle will have droped by 70% by 2030.

BOTTOM
The persentage of poor people in the world has been on the rise for decades, but it will start t shrink as millions of Chinese and Indian citizens rise out of poverty.

Question 3

why is the increasing middle class sector a economic feature?

Answer 3

as it helpes to increase slaes of consumer goods such as electrical goods, mobile phones and cars.

Sales of cars and moterbikes for example, increased by over 800% between 2009-2020.

Question 4

what is the evaluative points you need to make about the growth of the global middle class?

Answer 4

Not all the middle class has econmic security. Many people on incomes over 4$ a day remain venerable to unemployment and underemplyment, espcially thoes working in informal activites.

There has also been uneven progress in reducing poverty. Over 800 million people still live in extream poverty and approximatly half of the workers work in unsafe condition.

Question 6

what is a ecological footprint?

Answer 6

An ecologial footprint is the hypothetical area of land required by a socity, population or individual to forfil all their reasorce needs and assimilate all their waste.

It is messgured in global hectares (GHA)

Question 7

why are ecological footprint benifitial to haev and alanayse?

Answer 7

ecological footprint can act as a model for monotoring enviromental impact over time.

The can also aloowed for dircet comparisons between countries/areas, such as comparing HICs and LICS.

They can hilight sustanbible and unsustainible lifestyles, for examples, population with a larger footprint then their land area are living beyon their sustanible limits.

Question 8

what is earths biological capacity?

Answer 8

The avalible biological capacity for the popualtion on earth is about 1.3 hectares of land per person (or 1.8 global hectares if marine areas are included as a sorce of productivity).

Question 9

outline chnages in ecological footprints for HICs, MICS and LICs over time?

Answer 9

LICs tends to have smaller ecological footprints than HICs because of their much smaller rates of resorces consumption. In HICs, people have more disposable income, leading to a gretaer demand for and consumption of energy reasroces.

HICs reasroces use is often wastefull and HICs produce far more wste and pollusion.

People in LICs, by contrast, have less to spend on consumption and the nformal economy in LICS is responsible for recycling many reasroces. However, as LICS develop, their ecological footprint size increases.

Question 10

outline the general pattern in water globally?

Answer 10

Water is unevenly distributed one the world; over 780 million people do not have access to enough or safe water. Demand for clean water will increase due to population growth and rising standards of living.
The increased demand for renewable water energy will furthere streach the earths water resources.

Question 11

what is lickly to happen to water avaliability in the future?

Answer 11

Water avalibility is likely to decrease in many regions.

For example, up to 300 million people in sub-Saharan Africa live in a water- scare eniroment, and climate chnage will increase water stress in many other areas too, such as Central and Southern Europe.

HICS are maintaining or increasing their consumption of reaseoces such as water. the avrage North American and Western European adult consumes 3m cubed a day, compared with around 1.4 m cubed per day in Asia. An increasing proportion of this water is embdeded in agreculture and manifactured product.

Question 12

what is the relationship between water necessity and and economc/ demographic factors?

Answer 12

More wter will be required to produce food for the worlds growing population, partly beacue of changes in diet(meat has a mcuh higher fresh water footprint than vedge, people in emerging economes like asia see meant as a luxuary and they are beoming more rich). Much of the growth ill be in LICs, many of which are already experiancing water stress.

Question 13

what are some trends which are increaing the pressure t manage water more efficiently?

Answer 13

Population growth, (Theworlds population is expected to reach 8.5 billion in 2030 and 9.7 billion by 2050).

the growth of the global middle class- increasing affluence leads to greater water consumption

the growth of tourism and recreation

urbanisation- urban areas require significant investment in water and sanitation facilities

climate chnage

Question 14

what is virtual water?

Answer 14

The concept of virtual (or embedded) water refers to the way in which water is tranfered from one country to another through its exports, such as in foods, flowers or manifactured goods.

It allows coynties with limited water reacorces t import or outsource their water from contries that have more water resources. It also allows a country to reduce the use of its own water resources by importing goods.

Question 15

what is the general trend in the avalibility of land and food consumption? calories

Answer 15

Food intake (measured in calorie intake) has steadily increased as the world’s population has increased.

Calorie intake has remained steady in sub-saharan Africa, but is has increased dramatically in East Asia, the Middle East and North Africa.

However, land avalibility per person has declined in mnay areas due to a combination of rapid population growth, land use changes and land grabs by foreign TNCS. Increasing urbanisation is another factor affecting the demand for meat and the avalibility of land.

Question 16

when might a country’s diet chnage and how does it do so?

Answer 16

As countries develope, there is a chnage in diet away from carbohydrates towards a more varied diet including meat, vegetables and dairy products.

Global meat production was 218 million tonnnes in 1998 and is predicted to reach 376 million tonnes by 2030.

Question 17

talk briefly about fish in relation to changing consumption patterns?

Answer 17

Since 1961, total fish supply and consumption have increased by about 3.6% per year whilst the worlds popultion has only been growing at 1.8% per year.

However, production from the worlds ocean fisharies has levelled off since the 1970s, largly because of overfishing.

However, the considrable growth in aqueculture has filled the gap left by the drop in wild fish stock.

Question 18

what have been the rates of food production in recent years?

Answer 18

In recent years, the growth rates of food production and crop yields have been falling. Some of this reduction can be put down to and increase in natural hazards associated with climate change such as fires, floods and drought, as well as the use of land to produce bio fules.

Food shortages have lead to a rise in riots in Indionesia, Egypt and across North Africa.

Question 19

what are the three main ways of of increasing crop production?

Answer 19

extensification- expanding the area farmed

multicropping- harvesting two or more crops a year.

intensification- for example by using high yeild viarities or genetically modified crops.

Question 20

care to evaluate the three main ways of increasing crop production?

Answer 20

some scientists belive that all three of these may be reaching their limits. Others suggest that there are many other ways of increasing food production, such as reducing food losses, improving food storage, in vitro meat farming and vertical farming.

Question 21

what is happening to food consumption rates and population growth begins to slow?’

Answer 21

As the worlds population growth slows, and high rates of food consumption per person are reached, the growth in demand for food will be reduced.

According to the FAO, the growth in the demand for food is lickly to fall from the 2.2% per year to 1.5% by 2050. However, this is still an increase.

Question 22

what is the general pattern/trend in avalibility and consumption of energy?

Answer 22

The period from 1985 to 2003 was an era of energy security, but since 2004 there has been an ear of energy insecurity.

Following the energy crisis of 1973 and the Iraq war (1990-1), there was a period of low oil prices and energy security.

Question 23

what are some other reasons why energy insecurity has risen?

Answer 23

• Increased demand, especially from newly industrializing countries (NICs)
• Decreased reserves as non-renewable supplies are used up.
• geopolitical developments, for example, the 2022 conflict between Russia and Ukraine.
• global warming and natural disasters have increased awarness about the missyse in energy reasorces.
• terrorist activity such as in Syria.

Question 24

generally, how does a country achieve energy security and avoid energy insecurity?

Answer 24

For most countries, a diversified energy mix offers the best energy security. Depending on a single source, especially from a singular supplier, is more likely to lead to energy insecurity.

Question 25

what are the two sources energy can be generated from?

Answer 25

NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY

RENEWABLE ENERGY

Question 26

care to expand on non-renewable energy?

Answer 26

Supplies include fossil fuels (such as coal, gas and oil). These provide most of mankind’s energy supply and their use is expected to increase to meet global energy demand.

Fossil fuels can not be renewed at the same rate at which they are used. This results in the depletion of the stock over time. Nuclear power can be considered non-renewable because uranium is a non-renewable resource.

Question 27

care to expand on renewable energy?

Answer 27

Sources include solar, hydroelectric, wind and tydal energy generation schemes.

They can be large or small scale, within single houses or communities.

Renewable energy resources are sustainable because there is no depletion of natural capital.

Question 28

what are some renewable and alternative energy sources?

Answer 28

Sources of energy with lower carbon dioxide emissions than fossil fuels include renewable energy (solar, biomass, hydropower, wind, wave, tidal and geothermal) and their use is expected to increase.

Nuclear power is a low-carbon emission alternative to fossil fuels. However, it is controversial due to the problem of storing radioactive waste, the cost of decommissioning nuclear power stations, and the potential sacle of any accident.

Question 29

How has energy demand been changing?

Answer 29

the major consumers of energy are the HICs and NICs, and the consumption has been increasing rapidly. However, the pattern in demand is projected to shift from OECD region (wealthy region) to NICs.Energy resources are used in large quantities for manufacturing and transport.

The world continues to use fossil fuels despite the growth in renewable energy sources. This is partly because resources are still available, the infrastructure is already in place, and, in some cases, the energy companies are important streams of revenue for governments.

The energy consumption of LICs will continue to grow faster than that of HICs, but the consumption of LICs is till low in comparison to that of HICs.

Question 30

what is an example where the top people in the economy is going to grow in the future, this is a case study btw?

Answer 30

The increase in the middle class will inevitably trigger an increase at the top, however, it must be recognised that this increase is smaller. Bangalore in Southern India which is widely regarded as the “Silicon Valley” of India because of its status as the largest IT hub of the country.

The ‘Silicon Valley’ of India is expected to be one of the world’s fastest-growing millionaire hubs over the next 10 years and similar patterns can be expected in the other BRICS nations.

Question 31

what are there uneven reductions in poverty?

Answer 31

cliamte change + changing populations

chinas market slow down, HL content, good for them and bad for their supply chain.

Question 32

can you give an example where there has been an uneven reduction in poverty?

Answer 32

Sub-Saharan Africa’s extreme poverty has actually increased. According to Our World in Data, it has risen more than 50% from 252 million in 1987 to 338 million in 2023.

This trend has been caused by many factors, including over reliances on price-vulnerable resource exports, heavy indebtedness to neo-colonial relations, poor government including corruption, instability and conflict and ultimately a lack of FDI.

However it must be noted, that in oher aspects of development, great strides have been made to increase health and life expectancy in this region.

Question 33

how does Hans Rosling describe China’s slow down?

Answer 33

This newly emerging middle class referred to as the flat world by Hans Rosling, shows a global shift in earnings away from poverty with the majority of countires now sharing a middle ground in temrs of wealth.

Question 34

what is the middle class squeze?

Answer 34

middle class shrinking past a point of high development. It increases, platoes and then declines due to inflation, regressions and people wanting to spend less money.

In America according to Pew Research the share of aggregate household income held by the middle-income group has fallen from 62% to 43% in 2023.

Elsewhere in Europe, austerity measures in many countries have frozen public sector earnings, as greater inequality emerges the middle-income groups lose out.