4.2.3.1 ETHICS Flashcards

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1
Q

why are ethical considerations in place?

A

to ensure the health and dignity of participants are protected during psychological research

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2
Q

what is the BPS?

A

British Psychological Society

  • the representative body for psychology and psychologists in the UK
  • is responsible for the promotion of excellence and ethical practise in the science, education, and practical applications of the discipline
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3
Q

what are 4 key principles?

A
  • the most recent code of ethics and conduct identifies these 4 key principles

1) respect
2) competence
3) responsibility
4) integrity

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4
Q

what is informed consent?

A
  • making participants aware of the aims of the research, procedures, their rights and what the data will be used for
    -> in order to make an informed decision about taking part in the research
  • if ppts are under 16, parental consent is required
  • those under the influence of alcohol or drugs aren’t able to give informed consent
  • makes data meaningless because ppts behaviour won’t be natural
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5
Q

what is protection from harm?

A
  • ppts shouldn’t be placed at any more risk than they would be daily
    ie) embarrassed / inadequate / undue / stress / pressure
  • an important feature is reminding them they have the right to withdraw at any point
  • should leave the research in the same physical and mental state they started it
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6
Q

what is deception?

A
  • deliberately misleading / withholding information from ppts at any stage of investigation
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7
Q

when should deception not happen?
when is the one time it can helen?

A
  • if the ppt is likely to object once they’re debriefed, deception should never have happened
  • unless there’s a medical or scientific justification, ppts shouldn’t be deceived
  • can be justified if it doesn’t cause undue distress
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8
Q

when deception is needed in research, informed consent cannot be gained

how can consent still be gained ethically, as required?

A

1) consent form

2) presumptive consent

3) prior general consent

4) retrospective consent

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9
Q

what does a consent form include?

A
  • what the ppts will be asked to do and why
  • things they may experience
  • how their data will be used
  • reminds them of right to withdraw
  • how long it’ll take
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10
Q

what is prior general consent?

A
  • ppts give permission to take part in a number of studies
  • including one involving deception
  • they’re consenting to being deceived
    -> but don’t know how they’ll be deceived
  • can affect ppts behaviour as they’re waiting to be deceived
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11
Q

what is presumptive consent?

A
  • a similar group of people are asked if the study is acceptable
  • if agreed, then the consent of the ppts is ‘presumed’
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12
Q

what is retrospective consent?

A
  • they’re asking after they’ve already taken part
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13
Q

what is privacy and confidentiality?

A
  • ppts have the right to control information about themselves
    -> the right to privacy
  • if this is invaded then all ppts have the right to have confidentiality protected
  • ppts data should not be disclosed
  • numbers should be used instead of names
  • confidential data can be traced back to the ppt if needed
    -> anonymous data cannot
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14
Q

how do we deal with deception and protection from harm?

A
  • ppts should be offered a full debrief

debrief:
- occurs at the end of an experiment
- should contain the three details of the experiment
- including aims / the existence of other experimental groups / conditions

  • ppts must be told what their data will be used for and be given the right to withdraw their data (especially for retrospective consent)
  • ppts may require counselling in extreme cases which the researcher should provide
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15
Q

what is the right to withdraw?

A

ppts should be aware they have the right to withdraw from the study/research at any time, even after it’s finished

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16
Q

can incentives be used to get ppts to take part?

A
  • ppts shouldn’t receive or be offered bribes or promises to take part
17
Q

when can observational research take place?

A

observations can only take place in public where ppl would expect to be observed by strangers