4.1.3 CULTURAL VARIATIONS Flashcards

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1
Q

what was one of the biggest criticisms of Ainsworth’s orginal study?

A

it was ethnocentric
only using a US sample

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2
Q

what did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg want to investigate?

A

if attachment styles are universal across cultures / culturally specific due to traditions / social environment / beliefs about children

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3
Q

what did Van Ijzendoorn and Kroonenberg (1988) do?

A
  • conducted a meta-analysis of strange situation experiments that other researchers had conducted across the globe
    -> this is when you take the work of several other researchers and combine their data / findings to come to conclusions of their own
  • was an advantage =
    -> less time and costs associated with travel
    -> no cultural and language barriers
  • took 32 studies from 8 countries to gain an idea of attachment types in other cultures
  • calculated the average % for the different attachment styles
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4
Q

what did they find?

A
  • secure attachment (B) was the majority of infants (70%)
  • lowest % of secure attachments was shown in China
  • highest % was in Great Britain
  • Eastern countries that are more culturally close
    -> like Japan
    -> had quite high levels of insecure resistant
  • expection was China
    -> there was an equal number of avoidant and resistant infants
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5
Q

what were the mean % of attachment types across the world?

A

Type B
- 65%

Type A
- 21%

Type C
- 14%

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6
Q

why’s it hard to tell countries apart?

A
  • more difference / diversity within a culture than between cultures
  • countries are all so relatively similar it is hard to tell them apart just by looking at a snapshot of findings
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7
Q

evaluate the strengths of the meta analysis experiment

A
  • method is quicker and cheaper than alternatives
  • allows the researchers to obtain data from countries where language and cultural barriers may have been an issue
    -> i.e. China and Japan
  • study is reliable as it can be easily replicated
  • has a large sample from a variety of places, so is representative and therefore generalisable
  • increases the validity of the conclusions drawn as they’re based on a wider range
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8
Q

evaluate some limitations of the meta analysis

A
  • many studies in the meta analysis had biased samples which cannot claim to be representative of each culture
    -> only 36 infants used in the Chinese study which is small sample
    size for such a populated country
    -> most of the studies analysed were from Western cultures
  • tested and created in the USA
    -> may be culturally biased (ethnocentric)
    -> reflects the norms and values of American culture
    -> assumes attachment behaviour has the same meaning in all
    cultures
  • found each study produced different levels of each attachment classification
    -> intro-cultural variation suggest that it’s an over simplification to
    assume all children are brought up in the same way in particular
    countries
  • lots of countries and continents missing including Africa and lots of Asia
  • research designs in studies can vary so they’re not truly comparable
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9
Q

what did Takahashi find in 1990?

A
  • Japanese infants were often seen as Type C
  • rarely left by their PCG so the strange situation was terrifying for them
  • in reunion stage they rushed back to their baby and stopped them up which made the child’s response hard to observe
  • threatens the validity of the strange situation
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10
Q

what did Grossman and Grossman find in 1990?

A
  • imposed etic seen in the idea that a lack of
    -> separation anxiety
    -> pleasure on reunion
    indicate an insecure attachment
  • in Germany this behaviour might be seen more as independence than evidence
  • hence not a sign of insecurity in that cultural context
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