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Block 3 Found Sci > 4-Pulmonary System Overview > Flashcards

4-Pulmonary System Overview Flashcards

1
Q

important elements of respir sys

full list

A
  1. mechanism for centrally regulating ventilation
  2. air pump
  3. surface for gas exchange
  4. mechanism for gas transport
  5. circulatory system
  6. mechanism for reg distribution of blood
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2
Q

important functions

condensed

A
  1. gas exchange/metabolism
  2. acid base balance
  3. phonation
  4. defense mech/handle bioactive materials
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3
Q

upper airway structures

A
  1. nasal cavity
  2. paranasal sinuses
  3. pharynx
  4. larynx
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4
Q

upper airways function

A
  1. air conditioning for respir sys
  2. source of resistance to airflow
  3. warm inspired air to body temp
  4. humidify/saturate with water inspired air for gas exchange
  5. filter/entrap/clear particulates
  6. defense by nasal epithelium secretions

inc secretions = inc resistance

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5
Q

airway generations

A

0 = trachea
1-10 = bronchi (with cartilage)
11-16 = bronchioles (no cart)
17-19 = respiratory bronchioles
20-22 = alveolar ducts
23 = alveolar sacs

16 terminal bronchioles

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6
Q

bronchus characteristics

A
  1. mucus blanket
  2. goblet cells
  3. smooth muscle
  4. mucus glands
  5. cartilage

G1-10

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7
Q

bronchioles characteristics

A
  1. ciliated epithelium
  2. thin smooth muscle
  3. elastic tissue
  4. NO cartilage
  5. goblet cells (up to terminal bronchioles then no)

G11-19

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8
Q

alveolus characteristics

A
  1. NO smooth muslce
  2. NO cart
  3. just elastic tissue
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9
Q

non adrenergic non cholinergic nerves

NANC

A

when activate = relaxation of bronchiolar smooth muscle via NO and vasoactive intestinal peptide

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10
Q

adrenergic activation

A

abundant B2 adrenoreceptors to relax/bronchodilate

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11
Q

muscarinic acetylcholine receptors

A

parasymps stim to contract bronchiolar smooth muscle and inc glandular secretions

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12
Q

irritant receptors

A

activation in trachea and bronchi = reflex contraction of smooth muscle + stim mucosal glands in resp to irritant

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13
Q

mucus production system

A
  1. gel layer
  2. sol layer
  3. goblet cells (prod mucus esp inc when smoke or pollutants)
  4. submucosal glands (mucus and serous cells, present where cartilage at, controlled by ANS)
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14
Q

periciliary fluid

A

makes up sol layer of mucus blanket
-made by ciliated epi cells
-maintained by chloride secretion and sodium absorption

transports mucus with pollutants out of respir system after gets trapped in gel layer

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15
Q

cystic fibrosis

A

mutation in CFTR
-abnormal Cl secretion = disinhibit Na channel so sol layer becomes dehydrated (water move out of periciliary mucus)

freq lung infection and damage, xs thick mucus, salty skin/sweat, poor growth

survival age 40

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16
Q

treating cystic fibrosis

A

goal to prevent/control infections + remove mucus from lungs

-use meds to target mutations or infection or bronchodilators
-PT to improve mucus clearance and fix posture, percussion

17
Q

respiratory unit consists of

A
  1. bronchiole
  2. alveolar ducts
  3. atria
  4. alveoli

site of gas exchange

18
Q

pores of kohn

A

pores b/t adjacent alveoli so collateral ventilation occurs if lung partially deflated
-bad though for passage of fluid and bacteria

19
Q

cell types on alveolar surface

A
  1. type I = make up the wall/surface area, flat cells with large cytoplasmic extensions, fewer than II
  2. type II = larger/thicker cells, produce surfactant
  3. macrophages = engulf and destroy foreign material
20
Q

respiratory membrane

A

fused basement membranes of capillary and alveolaus but leaky
-site of gas exchange

21
Q

respiratory membrane made of

A
  1. layer of fluid lining the alveolus with surfactant
  2. alveolar epithelium
  3. epithelial basement membrane
  4. interstitial space
  5. capillary basement membrane
  6. capillary endothelial membrane
22
Q

lung interstitium composition

A
  1. lymphatics
  2. capillaries
  3. immune cells
  4. fibroblasts
  5. connective tissue (collagen/elastin)
23
Q

interstitial lung disease

A

interstitium enlarged with inflamm cells and edema fluid or increased extracellular matrix
-will interfere with gas exchange

24
Q

pleural membranes

A

single continous membrane that folds back on itself
-lines lungs with visceral pleura and chest cavity with parietal

25
Q

pleural space

A

normally intrapleural space is virtual and pressure should be more neg than intrapulmonary (alveolar space)

has small amount of pleural fluid

26
Q

pleural fluid function

A

important for transmitting the force produced by chest expansion to the long parenchyma

creates suction/vacuum b/t two surfaces = sub atmospheric pressure

27
Q

pleural fluid flow

A
  1. made by microvessels of the parietal pleura
  2. removed from pleural space by stomata
  3. lymphatic channels
28
Q

pleural effusion

A

excess of pleural fluid that disrupts mechanical coupling b/t chest wall and lung
-lung pulls away from chest wall
-atelectasis (partial collapse of lung), compression

29
Q

precipitating conditions pleural effusoin

A
  1. inc microvascular hydrostatic pressure
  2. dec colloid oncotic pressure
  3. inc microvascular permeability
  4. impaired lymph drainage
  5. diaphragmatic defects
30
Q

symptoms of pleural effusion

A

often no symptoms unless effusion is moderate/large or inflammed
-SOB
-chest pain with deep inhalation, pleuritic pain
-fever
-cough

treat underlying cause or thoracentesis

31
Q

pneumothorax

A

air in pleural cavity = partial or complete lung collapse
-spontaneous or trauma (penetrating, blunt)

usually asymptomatic unless larger then dyspnea and pleuritic chest pain

treat with catheter aspiration or tube thoracostomy after get x ray

32
Q

tension pneumothorax

A

progressive inc in pleural pressure due to one way flow or air
-air goes in but not out
-very serious > severe hypotension/shock from dec venous return (vena cava is compressed)

33
Q

tidal volume

A

volume of air associated with normal resting breathing (1/2 L)

34
Q

inspiratory reserve volume

A

amount of volume between normal resting inspiration and maximal

combines with tidal volume for inspiratory capacity

35
Q

residual volume

A

vol in lungs after maximal expiration

combines with expiratory reserve = functional residual capacity

36
Q

vital capacity

A

total volume between maximal inhalation and exhalation

Block 3 Found Sci (60 decks)

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