2-Vaccines

Question 1

ideal vaccine

Answer 1

1. no undesirable side effects
2. easy to admin
3. highly immunogenic
4. highly protective
5. long term immun

Question 2

attenuated viral vaccines

Answer 2

live virus weakened enough to dec human pathogenicity
-long lasting immun bc undergo limited rep so inc antigenic stim
-both cell mediated and antibody resp

Question 3

attenuated viral vaccine examples

Answer 3

1. sabin polio
2. measles
3. mumps
4. rubella
5. yellow fever

Question 4

attenuated disadvantages

Answer 4

1. reversion of attenuated strain to full virulence
2. contaminating pathogens
3. fatal for immunocomp
4. potential fetus risk

Question 5

inactivated VIRAL vaccines

Answer 5

inact by chem treatment
-safer esp for immunocomp, easier transport and storage
-not as good protection as live bc not as potent

Question 6

inactivated examples

Answer 6

1. influenza shot form
2. rabies
3. salk polio

Question 7

subunit vaccine

Answer 7

single viral protein

i.e. hep B surface antigen

Question 8

inactivated BACTERIAL vaccine

Answer 8

bacteria heat killed for antigen source
-side effects = convulsions, death

i.e. pertussis part of DTP vaccine but reformed to be acellular so fewer mild side effects

Question 9

toxoid bacterial vaccines

Answer 9

bacterial toxins detox but keep immunogenicity

i.e. hiphterhia and tetanus toxoids in DTaP

Question 10

conjugate bacterial vaccines

Answer 10

bacteria have polysaccharide capsules conjugated to a protein carrier bc alone dont produce high affinity Ab memory
-will only get IgM resp if alone
-IgG and memory

Question 11

adjuvants

Answer 11

substances that promote greater immune resp so make more immunogenic
-nearly all vaccines have, alum common

help convert soluble protein antigens into particulate matter so more readily ingested by APCs

Question 12

Hepatitis B Vaccine

Answer 12

recomb protein in yeast (hep B surface antigen or HBsAg) gets intramuscular injection
-serum Abs prevent virus from infecting liver

adults have a greater risk for infection
-if child born with mom HBsAg+ then need vac and hep B immune globulin within 12 hrs

Question 13

DTaP

Answer 13

diphtheria + tetanus + acellular pertussis
-D/T toxoids + pertussis exotoxin (acellular)
-tetanus booster every 10 years

serum Ab to vaccine antigens but will NOT eradicate bacteria just neutralize toxins, orgs deleted by host defense mechanisms

Question 14

pertussis exotoxin

Answer 14

5 subunits
1. S1 = toxic side effects of whole cell vaccine so mutated to make nontoxic
2. mutated S1 + 4 native subunits = holotoxoid
3. bacterial filamentous hemagglutinin for bacterial binding to resp ciliated epi cells

Question 15

hemophilus influenzae type B vaccine

Answer 15

capsular polysacc conjugate vacc to induce T cell dependent immune resp with IgG
-conjugate proteins = tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, Neisseria meningitdis outer membrane group B

causes meningitis

Question 16

meningococcal vaccine

Answer 16

known as MCV4 or menactra protects against meningitis
-survivors can have hearing loss, limb amputation, brain damage

Question 17

polio vaccine

Answer 17

two versions
1. inactivated salk vaccine IPV, subcutaneous injection- neutralize virus in blood before reaches CNS
2. live attenuated sabin oral vaccine OPV- local mucosal immunity in GI to prevent getting into blood, can cause paralytic polio so no longer in US

Question 18

MMR

Answer 18

live attenuated = serum Ab + CMI

mumps- swells salivary glands
measles- red blotchy pattern on face and body
rubella- cataracts, mild rashes, fever, joint pain, devestating lesions to fetus

contraindicated in immunocomp and preg

Question 19

varicella vaccine

Answer 19

line attenuated protects from chickenpox
-protective Ab serum + CMI
-highly effective vs severe disease but not as much for mild
-chickenpox usually benign but can be fatal thru encephalitis, reyes syndrome, bacterial superinfections

Question 20

rotavirus vaccine

Answer 20

tetravalent rhesus/human reassortant vaccine
-attenuated rhesus virus expr human virus VP7

rotavirus most common diarrheal pathogen in kids worldwide

Question 21

pneumococcal vaccine

Answer 21

S. pneumoniae polysacc conjugated to carrier protein that protects vs 13 strains that cause most serious infections

Streptococcus pneumoniae leading cause of bacterial meningitis in US

Question 22

influenza vaccine

Answer 22

1. live attenuated via intranasal
2. inactivated vaccine via intramuscular

both contain one influ A virus (H3N2) + one influ A virus (H1N1) + one influ B virus

Question 23

HPV vaccine

Answer 23

1. gardasil - 100% effective vs type 16 and 18, prevent cervical cancer
2. L1 protein expressing virus like particle vaccine- L1 major capsid protein of HPV so neutralize protective Ab

STDs, genital warts, cancer