2-Vaccines Flashcards
ideal vaccine
- no undesirable side effects
- easy to admin
- highly immunogenic
- highly protective
- long term immun
attenuated viral vaccines
live virus weakened enough to dec human pathogenicity
-long lasting immun bc undergo limited rep so inc antigenic stim
-both cell mediated and antibody resp
attenuated viral vaccine examples
- sabin polio
- measles
- mumps
- rubella
- yellow fever
attenuated disadvantages
- reversion of attenuated strain to full virulence
- contaminating pathogens
- fatal for immunocomp
- potential fetus risk
inactivated VIRAL vaccines
inact by chem treatment
-safer esp for immunocomp, easier transport and storage
-not as good protection as live bc not as potent
inactivated examples
- influenza shot form
- rabies
- salk polio
subunit vaccine
single viral protein
i.e. hep B surface antigen
inactivated BACTERIAL vaccine
bacteria heat killed for antigen source
-side effects = convulsions, death
i.e. pertussis part of DTP vaccine but reformed to be acellular so fewer mild side effects
toxoid bacterial vaccines
bacterial toxins detox but keep immunogenicity
i.e. hiphterhia and tetanus toxoids in DTaP
conjugate bacterial vaccines
bacteria have polysaccharide capsules conjugated to a protein carrier bc alone dont produce high affinity Ab memory
-will only get IgM resp if alone
-IgG and memory
adjuvants
substances that promote greater immune resp so make more immunogenic
-nearly all vaccines have, alum common
help convert soluble protein antigens into particulate matter so more readily ingested by APCs
Hepatitis B Vaccine
recomb protein in yeast (hep B surface antigen or HBsAg) gets intramuscular injection
-serum Abs prevent virus from infecting liver
adults have a greater risk for infection
-if child born with mom HBsAg+ then need vac and hep B immune globulin within 12 hrs
DTaP
diphtheria + tetanus + acellular pertussis
-D/T toxoids + pertussis exotoxin (acellular)
-tetanus booster every 10 years
serum Ab to vaccine antigens but will NOT eradicate bacteria just neutralize toxins, orgs deleted by host defense mechanisms
pertussis exotoxin
5 subunits
1. S1 = toxic side effects of whole cell vaccine so mutated to make nontoxic
2. mutated S1 + 4 native subunits = holotoxoid
3. bacterial filamentous hemagglutinin for bacterial binding to resp ciliated epi cells
hemophilus influenzae type B vaccine
capsular polysacc conjugate vacc to induce T cell dependent immune resp with IgG
-conjugate proteins = tetanus toxoid, diphtheria toxoid, Neisseria meningitdis outer membrane group B
causes meningitis
meningococcal vaccine
known as MCV4 or menactra protects against meningitis
-survivors can have hearing loss, limb amputation, brain damage
polio vaccine
two versions
1. inactivated salk vaccine IPV, subcutaneous injection- neutralize virus in blood before reaches CNS
2. live attenuated sabin oral vaccine OPV- local mucosal immunity in GI to prevent getting into blood, can cause paralytic polio so no longer in US
MMR
live attenuated = serum Ab + CMI
mumps- swells salivary glands
measles- red blotchy pattern on face and body
rubella- cataracts, mild rashes, fever, joint pain, devestating lesions to fetus
contraindicated in immunocomp and preg
varicella vaccine
line attenuated protects from chickenpox
-protective Ab serum + CMI
-highly effective vs severe disease but not as much for mild
-chickenpox usually benign but can be fatal thru encephalitis, reyes syndrome, bacterial superinfections
rotavirus vaccine
tetravalent rhesus/human reassortant vaccine
-attenuated rhesus virus expr human virus VP7
rotavirus most common diarrheal pathogen in kids worldwide
pneumococcal vaccine
S. pneumoniae polysacc conjugated to carrier protein that protects vs 13 strains that cause most serious infections
Streptococcus pneumoniae leading cause of bacterial meningitis in US
influenza vaccine
- live attenuated via intranasal
- inactivated vaccine via intramuscular
both contain one influ A virus (H3N2) + one influ A virus (H1N1) + one influ B virus
HPV vaccine
- gardasil - 100% effective vs type 16 and 18, prevent cervical cancer
- L1 protein expressing virus like particle vaccine- L1 major capsid protein of HPV so neutralize protective Ab
STDs, genital warts, cancer
