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Microbiology > 4 - Cells > Flashcards

4 - Cells Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the difference b/w prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

prokaryotes (no nuclear membrane, DNA is circular, no membrane-enclosed organelles, and cell walls usually contain peptidoglycan)

eukaryotes (DNA is enclosed in a membrane bound nucleus and membrane-enclosed organelles)

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2
Q

What are the three shapes of bacteria?

A
  1. cocci (spheres)
  2. bacilli (rods)
  3. spirillus (spirals)
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3
Q

What are the 4 arrangements of cocci?

A

round
1. diplo = 2
2. strepto = chain
3. tetrad = 4 (sarcina=8)
4. staphylo = cluster

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4
Q

What are the 2 arrangements of bacillus?

A

rod
1. diplo=2
2. strepto= chain

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5
Q

What are the 3 arrangements of spirillus?

A

1+ twists
1. vibrios = curved rods
2. spirilla = corkscrew & rigid
3. spirochetes = helical & flexible

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6
Q

Glycocalyx

A

“sugar coat” gelatinous substance surrounding cell that is made up of sugar and protein and aids in biofilm development

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7
Q

What are the two types of glycocalyx?

A
  1. capsule (firmly attached)
  2. slime layer (loosely attached)
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8
Q

Axial filaments

A

mode of movement for spirochetes - fibril bundles at ends of cell - spiral and rotate around cell causing spirochete to move in spiral motion

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9
Q

Flagella

A

long filament appendages used for movement

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10
Q

What are the 2 major arrangements of flagella?

A
  1. petrichous (all over cell)
  2. polar (at one or both ends of a cell)
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11
Q

What are the 3 major types of polar flagella?

A
  1. monotrichous - 1 flagella at 1 pole
  2. lophotrichous - group of flagella at 1 pole
  3. amphitrichous - both poles
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12
Q

List the 3 parts of a flagella:

A
  1. filament: long, outermost region (made of flagellin)
  2. hook: attaches filament
  3. basal body: anchors flagella to cell wall
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13
Q

What is the difference between GRAM + and GRAM - flagella?

A

Gram - have 2 pairs of rings and Gram + have 1 set of rings

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14
Q

Fimbriae

A

similar to cilia in eukaryotes - short hairlike appendages for attachment and transfer of DNA (at poles or around entire cell)

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15
Q

Pili

A

longer than fibriae - motility and DNA transfer (sex pili transfer DNA from one cell to another)

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16
Q

What is the bacteria cell wall made up of?

A

peptidoglycan

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17
Q

List the sugars in peptidoglycan

A

repeating disaccharides & polypeptides
1. NAG
2. NAM

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18
Q

Cell walls of gram positive cells

A
  1. many thick peptidoglycan layers
  2. thick rigid cell wall
  3. teichoic acids
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19
Q

Cell walls of gram negative cells

A
  1. thin layer of peptidoglycan
  2. no teichoic acid
  3. extra plasma membrane
  4. outer membrane: lipopolysaccharide (LPS)
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20
Q

Active transport

A

requires energy low to high concentration

21
Q

Passive transport

A

no energy required high to low concentration

22
Q

What happens when a cell is hypertonic?

A

shrink - plasmolysis (solute concentration of medium is higher than inside cell)

23
Q

What happens when a cell is hypotonic?

A

osmotic lysis (solute concentration of medium is lower than inside cell)

24
Q

What happens when a cell is isotonic?

A

equilibrium (equal solute concentration in and out of cell)

25
Q

Cytoplasm of bacteria

A

substance inside the cell (water, sugar, lipids, ions, proteins, nucleoid, ribosomes, inclusions)

26
Q

DNA structure in prokaryotes

A
  1. nucleoid (single long circular double strand of DNA with no nuclear envelope/histones)
  2. plasmids (small circular DNA molecules that are independent of chromosomes and not crucial for survival)
27
Q

Difference of ribosomes in prokaryotes and eukaryotes, why is this important?

A

the only difference is size (70s vs 80s) and is important for making antibiotics

28
Q

Inclusion bodies

A

accumulate nutrients when abundant/reserve deposits

29
Q

Endospores

A

resting cells for survival of extreme conditions - contain DNA, RNA, ribosomes, enzymes - only Gram +

30
Q

Nucleus of eukaryotes

A

membrane bound-nuclear envelope that contains DNA with histones that are organized into chromosomes and have a nucleolus at the center where rRNA is made

31
Q

Rough ER

A

folds and processes proteins (has ribosomes)

32
Q

Smooth ER

A

makes phospholipids, fats, sterols

33
Q

Golgi complex

A

protein packaging and transport (post-office of the cell)

34
Q

Lysosomes

A

digestive center

35
Q

Mitochondria

A

produces the energy for the cell (ATP) made up of two membranes (cristae: sack-like folds and matrix: inside of mitochondria)

36
Q

Chloroplasts

A

photosynthesis in algae and plants - sunlight converted to energy

37
Q

taxis

A

movement toward or away specific stimuli

38
Q

Two types of taxis

A
  1. chemotaxis: toward/away from chemicals
  2. phototaxis: toward/away from light
39
Q

What color is gram positive/negative?

A

+ : purple
- : red

40
Q

How does penicillin work?

A

interferes with formation of peptidoglycan (gram + susceptible)

41
Q

What are the 3 parts of the LPS?

A
  1. Lipid A - endotoxin
  2. Core polysaccharide - structure and stability
  3. O polysaccharide - sugar that extends out
42
Q

Diffusion

A

movement of molecules from high to low concentration that requires no energy

43
Q

Facilitated diffusion:

A

proteins act as channels to help move molecules across membrane - no energy required (high to low)

44
Q

Osmosis

A

diffusion of water from high to low or low to high solute concentration

45
Q

What is the mobility difference between flagella of prokaryotes and eukaryotes?

A

eukaryotes move wavelike and prokaryotes spin

46
Q

What makes up the cell wall of algae and plants?

A

cellulose

47
Q

What is the major difference between the prokaryote and eukaryote cytoplasm?

A

eukaryotes have a cytoskeleton

48
Q

What is endocytosis?

A

uptake of material from outside the cell

49
Q

What are the two types of endocytosis?

A
  1. phagocytosis: plasma membrane surrounds molecule and engulfs it
  2. pinocytosis: cell brings fluid into cytoplasm

Microbiology (23 decks)

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