2 - Chemistry & Macromolecules Flashcards
What is the smallest unit of a substance?
atom
What is a pure substance?
element
How many electrons does the 1st electron shell hold?
2
How many electrons do the 2nd and 3rd shells holds?
8
What is the goal of chemical bonds?
to allow atoms to have full outer electron shells
What is a covalent bond?
atoms sharing electrons
Some atoms have a stronger pull on the shared electrons, this is based on a property called __________.
electronegativity
Polar covalent bonds
non-equal sharing of electrons - electrons are closer to EN atom
Non-polar covalent bonds
two atoms equally sharing electrons
What is an ionic bond?
electrons are given from one atom to another
Cation
atom in an ionic bond that has a positive charge
Anion
atom in an ionic bond that has a negative charge
What is a hydrogen bond
hydrogen bonding to more electronegative atoms gives a slightly positive charge this will have a weak interaction with slightly negative atoms somewhere else
Describe the pH scale: neutral = _________, less than 7 = __________, more than 7 = __________.
neutral = 7
less than 7 = acidic
more than 7 = basic
What is a buffer?
substance that minimizes changes in pH - protect cells by maintaining homeostasis
How many bonds can Carbon form?
4
What is the chemical formula of carbohydrates?
(CH2O)n - carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
What is the function of carbohydrates?
fuel for cells
Carbohydrates end in ______.
“ose”
What is the difference between mono, di, and poly saccharides?
- mono = simple sugars (3-7 carbon atoms)
- di = 2 monosaccharides
- poly = 10-100s of simple sugars
What is the function of glycogen?
glucose subunits, storage material by animals and some bacteria
What is the function of starch?
glucose subunits, storage in plants
What is the function of cellulose?
glucose subunits, cell walls of plants and algae
What is the function of chitin?
cell wall in fungi and in exoskeletons
What are lipids made up of?
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
Are lipids polar or non-polar?
non-polar and are insoluble in water
What are fats or simple lipids made up of?
glycerol + fatty acid(s)
What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?
- saturated - no double bonds
- unsaturated - at least one double bond
Describe the makeup of a phospholipid:
- glycerol
- 2 fatty acids (diglyceride)
- phosphate group
What are the function/types of proteins?
- enzymes
- transporters
- toxins
- cell structures
- hormones
- antibodies
- many more
What are proteins made up of?
- amino group (NH2)
- R group (side chain that differs)
- Hydrogen
- Carboxyl group (OH-C=O)
Describe the four levels of protein folding:
- primary: sequence of a.a.
- secondary: twisting or folding of chain
- tertiary: 3D structure
- quaternary: multiple subunits
What is it called when a protein unfolds?
denaturation
What are nucleic acids made up of?
nucleotides
what are the three parts of nucleotides?
- nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G,U)
- pentose sugar (deoxyribose/ribose)
- phosphate group
Describe the structure of DNA.
- double helix
- deoxyribose
- A-T/G-C
Describe the structure of RNA.
- single strand
- ribose
- A-U/G-C
Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the 4 main families of biological molecules referred to as
macromolecules
You inform the patient that it is important for her to maintain a diet rich in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, so that each of these macromolecules can be metabolized to form a high-energy compound called
ATP
What is the smallest component of a pure substance that exhibits physical and chemical properties of that substance?
atom
The nucleus contains ______.
protons and neutrons
