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Microbiology > 2 - Chemistry & Macromolecules > Flashcards

2 - Chemistry & Macromolecules Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the smallest unit of a substance?

A

atom

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2
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

element

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3
Q

How many electrons does the 1st electron shell hold?

A

2

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4
Q

How many electrons do the 2nd and 3rd shells holds?

A

8

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5
Q

What is the goal of chemical bonds?

A

to allow atoms to have full outer electron shells

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6
Q

What is a covalent bond?

A

atoms sharing electrons

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7
Q

Some atoms have a stronger pull on the shared electrons, this is based on a property called __________.

A

electronegativity

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8
Q

Polar covalent bonds

A

non-equal sharing of electrons - electrons are closer to EN atom

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9
Q

Non-polar covalent bonds

A

two atoms equally sharing electrons

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10
Q

What is an ionic bond?

A

electrons are given from one atom to another

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11
Q

Cation

A

atom in an ionic bond that has a positive charge

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12
Q

Anion

A

atom in an ionic bond that has a negative charge

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13
Q

What is a hydrogen bond

A

hydrogen bonding to more electronegative atoms gives a slightly positive charge this will have a weak interaction with slightly negative atoms somewhere else

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14
Q

Describe the pH scale: neutral = _________, less than 7 = __________, more than 7 = __________.

A

neutral = 7
less than 7 = acidic
more than 7 = basic

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15
Q

What is a buffer?

A

substance that minimizes changes in pH - protect cells by maintaining homeostasis

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16
Q

How many bonds can Carbon form?

A

4

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17
Q

What is the chemical formula of carbohydrates?

A

(CH2O)n - carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

18
Q

What is the function of carbohydrates?

A

fuel for cells

19
Q

Carbohydrates end in ______.

A

“ose”

20
Q

What is the difference between mono, di, and poly saccharides?

A
  1. mono = simple sugars (3-7 carbon atoms)
  2. di = 2 monosaccharides
  3. poly = 10-100s of simple sugars
21
Q

What is the function of glycogen?

A

glucose subunits, storage material by animals and some bacteria

22
Q

What is the function of starch?

A

glucose subunits, storage in plants

23
Q

What is the function of cellulose?

A

glucose subunits, cell walls of plants and algae

24
Q

What is the function of chitin?

A

cell wall in fungi and in exoskeletons

25
Q

What are lipids made up of?

A

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

26
Q

Are lipids polar or non-polar?

A

non-polar and are insoluble in water

27
Q

What are fats or simple lipids made up of?

A

glycerol + fatty acid(s)

28
Q

What is the difference between saturated and unsaturated fats?

A
  1. saturated - no double bonds
  2. unsaturated - at least one double bond
29
Q

Describe the makeup of a phospholipid:

A
  1. glycerol
  2. 2 fatty acids (diglyceride)
  3. phosphate group
30
Q

What are the function/types of proteins?

A
  1. enzymes
  2. transporters
  3. toxins
  4. cell structures
  5. hormones
  6. antibodies
  7. many more
31
Q

What are proteins made up of?

A
  1. amino group (NH2)
  2. R group (side chain that differs)
  3. Hydrogen
  4. Carboxyl group (OH-C=O)
32
Q

Describe the four levels of protein folding:

A
  1. primary: sequence of a.a.
  2. secondary: twisting or folding of chain
  3. tertiary: 3D structure
  4. quaternary: multiple subunits
33
Q

What is it called when a protein unfolds?

A

denaturation

34
Q

What are nucleic acids made up of?

A

nucleotides

35
Q

what are the three parts of nucleotides?

A
  1. nitrogenous bases (A,T,C,G,U)
  2. pentose sugar (deoxyribose/ribose)
  3. phosphate group
36
Q

Describe the structure of DNA.

A
  1. double helix
  2. deoxyribose
  3. A-T/G-C
37
Q

Describe the structure of RNA.

A
  1. single strand
  2. ribose
  3. A-U/G-C
38
Q

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids are the 4 main families of biological molecules referred to as

A

macromolecules

39
Q

You inform the patient that it is important for her to maintain a diet rich in carbohydrates, lipids, and proteins, so that each of these macromolecules can be metabolized to form a high-energy compound called

A

ATP

40
Q

What is the smallest component of a pure substance that exhibits physical and chemical properties of that substance?

A

atom

41
Q

The nucleus contains ______.

A

protons and neutrons

Microbiology (23 decks)

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