21 - Skin & Eye Infections Flashcards
aWhat are the bacterias that cause staphylococcal skin infections?
- Staphylococcus epidermis
- S. aureus
What is the grain stain of staphylococcal skin infections?
gram positive
What is the treatment for staphylococcal skin infections? What is used for MRSA specifically?
antibiotics - vancomycin
What is the most pathogenic staph for skin infections?
S. aureus
What 4 diseases of the skin does S. aureus cause?
- folliculitis (hair follicle - pimples)
- sty (eyelash follicle)
- boil (serious follicle infection)
- MRSA
How are staphylococcal skin infections transmitted?
- microflora/carriers (nose)
- bacteria gets into broken skin from microflora/carrier
What is a highly contagious skin infection that is common in young children and causes breaks in the skin and ruptured lesions?
impetigo
What is it called when staph leads to toxins causing separation of skin layers?
scalded skin syndrome (form of impetigo)
What are the symptoms of staphylococcal skin infections?
lesions on skin, painful, red - infected breaks in the skin
What adds virulence to staph skin infections?
coagulase
What is the gram reaction of streptococcal skin infections?
gram +
How are strept skin infections transmitted?
open wounds
What are the symptoms of strept skin infections?
destroys tissues
What is the treatment for strept skin infections?
antibiotics - in some cases debridement of dead tissues
What is the toxin that lyses open RBCs in strept infections, how many types, and which is the most common in disease?
Hemolysin - three (alpha, beta, gamma) - most common= beta
What bacteria causes most streptococcal skin infections?
Streptococcus pyogenes
What prevents phagocytosis and allows adherence to mucous membranes in strept infections?
M protein
What is the name of the group A strept, “flesh eating” disease?
Necrotizing fasciitis
- destroys tissues fast
- exotoxin A (superantigen, damage and cause immune system to add to damage)
What organism type causes smallpox?
variola virus
How is smallpox transmitted?
respiratory system - travels through blood then infects skin
What are the symptoms of smallpox?
skin lesions
What was the first virus to be eradicated and why?
- smallpox
- effective vaccine & no animal hosts
What organism type causes chickenpox/shingles?
Varicella-zoster virus
What is the route of transmission for chickenpox?
respiratory system (incubates 2 weeks before skin affected)
What are the symptoms of chickenpox?
itchy fluid filled vesicles (filled with pus), rupture then scab
What are the symptoms of shingles?
latent disease - painful rash on one side of the body and also effects nerves
What is the treatment for chickenpox/shingles?
vaccine
What organism type causes herpes simplex?
HSV1 virus
How is herpes simplex transmitted?
orally/respiratory
What are the symptoms of herpes simplex?
- cold sores
- fever blisters on margin of lip
Herpes simplex treatment?
- antiviral
- pain relief
- run its course
Herpes simplex is a latent viral infection what reactivates it?
UV radiation, emotions, stress, hormones
What type of organism is causes measles?
measles virus
How is measles spread?
respiratory route
What is the treatment for measles?
vaccine (MMR)
Symptoms of measles
- macular rash (first on face then spreads to trunk and extremities)
- koplik’s spots (small red spots with central blue-white in mouth)
Who are the most susceptible to measles?
infants
What organism causes rubella?
Rubella virus
What are the symptoms of rubella?
- rash of small red spots, low fever
- mild version of measles
- complications rare
What is the transmission route of rubella?
respiratory route (2-3 week incubation)
What is the treatment of rubella?
vaccine (MMR)
“Slapped-cheek”, mild flu symptoms, red rash on cheeks virus
fifth disease
High fever followed by rash virus
roseola
Fever, sore throat, rash on hands, feet, mouth, tongue/cheeks virus
hand-foot-and-mouth disease
What organism causes an infection via Candida albicans and how?
- yeast
- opportunistic infection (normal microflora) - skin/mucous membranes
Treatment for candida albicans?
antifungals
Tinea cruris
jock itch (fungal)
Tinea pedis
athletes foot (fungal)
Tinea capitis
ring worm of the scalp (fungal)
What form does tinea form in?
circles
How are tinea skin infections spread?
through touching or infected materials
How are tinea infections treated?
with topical anti-fungal creams or oral antimicrobials (as needed)
Conjunctivitis
- inflammation of conjunctiva/pinkeye
What causes conjunctivitis?
- bacteria: most common is Haemophilus influenzae
- virus: most common is adenoviruses
How is conjunctivitis spread?
- through touch
- highly contagious
What are the symptoms of conjunctivitis?
red, irritated eye
What are the treatments for conjunctivitis?
antibiotic eye drops (if bacterial) and wait it out for viral
