24 - Respiratory diseases Flashcards
What is the common cause of strep throat?
Streptococcus pyogenes (bacteria)
Strep throat transmission
transmitted through air, respiratory, mucus
Strep throat symptoms
- local inflammation, fever, tonsilitis
- enlarged lymph nodes in neck
- red throat often with white spots
Strep throat treatment
pencillin
Diphtheria organism
Cornyebacterium diphtheriae
Diphtheria symptoms
- sore throat and fever; malaise swelling of neck
- gray membrane in throat
How is diphtheria transmitted?
droplet transmission through respiratory and contact transmission for cutaneous
Treatment for diphtheria
vaccine or antibiotic with antitoxin
What is otitis media and what is its treatment?
middle ear infection caused by pus pushing pressure on eardrum (antibiotics)
What are the different pathogens that cause otitis media?
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Streptococcus pyogenes
What are the most common two causes of the common cold?
- rhinoviruses (30-50%)
- coronaviruses (10-15%)
- 200+ other viruses
What are the symptoms of the common cold?
- sneezing
- nasal secretion
- congestion
- usually no fever
- UR, ear, sinuses, lungs
How is the common cold transmitted?
respiratory route
Treatment of the common cold
symptom relief such as cough drops or antihistamines - just let it run itscourse
What causes whooping cough?
Bordatella pertussis (bacteria)
What are the 3 stages of whooping cough?
- catarrhal stage (initial like common cold)
- paroxysmal stage (mucus accumulates damaging cilia, violent coughing with whoop sound)
- convalescence stage (recovery, can take months)
Treatment of whooping cough
- antibiotics if caught early but they are not as effective after coughing stage
- vaccine
RSV
respiratory syncytial virus
Histoplasmosis
Histoplasma capsulatum (dimorphic fungus) - yeast like in tissue - filamentous in soil
Histoplasmosis symptoms
- resembles TB
- lungs primary but can spread in blood through entire body
- minor respiratory infection
Treatment for histoplasmosis
anitfungals
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis (bacteria)
What stimulates inflammatory response in TB?
mycolic acid
How is TB spread?
coughing (tissues are damaged causing sputum to be bloody)
Tuberculosis treatment
antibiotics for >6 months and may need multi-drug therapy due to resistance
Pneumonia organisms (4)
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Mycoplasma pneumoniae
- Legionella pneumophila
What is the most common cause of pneumonia?
Streptococcus pneumoniae
What pneumonia has no cell wall and doesn’t grow in cultures and what pneumonia does it cause?
Mycoplasmal pneumoniae - “walking pneumonia”
Which pneumonia is found in water and produces a high fever?
Legionella pneumophila
What are the symptoms of pneumococcal pneumonia
infected alveoli of lung fill with fluids; interferes with oxygen uptake
Pneumocystis pneumonia organism
Pneumocystis jirovecii (fungus or protozoan)
Pneumocystis pneumonia symptoms and treatment
- forms cysts in lungs
- treated by antibiotics
What are the symptoms of the flu?
chills, fever, headache, aches
What causes the flu and what family is it from?
influenzavirus - orthomyxoviridae
What aids the virus in separating from host upon release in the flu?
neuraminidase (100/virus)
What attaches to host with RBC; antibodies form against it in the flue?
hemagglutinin (500/virus)
How are strains of the flu identified?
NA (neuraminidase) and HA (hemagglutinin) antigens i.e. H1N1
Antigenic drift:
accumulations of mutation (no proofreading)
Antigenic shift
great changes, evade immunity developed in population (recombo or reassortment)
What are pigs?
“mixing vessels”
