25 - Digestive infections Flashcards
What causes staphylococcal food poisoning?
S. aureus - enterotoxin
How is S. aureus transmitted for food poisoning?
in nose -> hands; enters food and can grow/produce toxin in food … can be stopped by refrigeration
What are the symptoms of staph food poisoning?
- short incubation time
- vomiting, cramps, diarrhea
What are the treatments for staph food poisoning?
rehydration
What causes shigellosis?
Shigella (bacteria)
What are the 4 types of bacteria that caue shigellosis
- Shigella sonnei (most common US - mild dysentery)
- S. dysenteriae (lest common US - sever dysentery)
- S. flexneri
- S. boydii
Shigellosis symptoms
- survive stomach -> proliferate small intestine -> disease in large intestine
- diarrhea
- fever
- cramps
Shigellosis treatment
antibiotics and rehydration
Salmonellosis organism, symptoms, treatment, transmission
- Salmonella enterica (bacteria)
- fever, nausea, cramps, diarrhea
- rehydration therapy
- undercooked chicken/eggs
Typhoid fever cause, symptoms, treatment, transmission:
Salmonella typhi (bacteria)
- transmission: spread through human feces
- symptoms: high fever, headache, diarrhea
- treatment: antibiotics
Cholera cause, symptoms, treatment, transmission:
Vibrio cholerae (bacteria)
- symptoms: watery stools with mucus and cells, violent vomiting
- treatment: antibiotics; replacement of fluids and electrolytes
- transmission: found in water (sanitation issues)
What causes cholera to be infectious?
cholera extoxin - host cells secret water and electrolytes
What kind of toxin do some E. coli produce?
Shiga toxin
What is the transmission for E. coli?
cattle reservoir; contaminated food or water; leafy vegetables from water runoff
What are some symptoms for E. coli?
diarrhea, inflammation of colon (colitis), bleeding
Treatment for E. Coli
rehydration
What causes Helicobacter?
Helicobacter pylori (bacteria)
How does H. pylori affect the body?
the gastric juice and enzymes with HCl produced by the stomach adds a protective layer when this layer is disrupted ulcers develop - H. pylori can grow in this acidic environment and produce urea which increases pH and neutralizes HCl
What is the treatment for H. pylori?
antibiotics and pepto-bismol eliminate bacteria
C. Diff
Clostrdium difficile (bacteria)
What is the biggest problem that leads to C diff
extended antibiotic use which leads to elimination of competing bacteria and rapid growth of C. difficile
What is the treatment for C. difficile?
discontinuation of antibiotic and rehydration
Mumps symptoms, transmission, treatment
Paramyxoviridae (virus)
- symptoms: swelling of parotid glands, fever, painful swallowing
- transmission: saliva and respiratory secretions via respiratory tract entry
- treatment: MMR vaccine
Rotavirus
- less common in adults
- fever, diarrhea, vomiting
- rehydration
- vaccine
Norovirus
- fecal-oral transmission from food/water, aerosols from vomiting
- persistent on surfaces
- vomiting, diarrhea
- rehydration
Giardia organism
Giardia lamblia (flagellated protozoan)
What are the symptoms of Giardia?
malaise, nausea, flatulence, weakness, weight loss, cramps (interferes with food absorption in intestinal wall)
Transmission of giardia
shed in feces of healthy carriers and wild animals - lots of outbreaks camping/swimming season from contaminated water
Treatment for giardia
anti-protozoan (metronidazole)
Hepatitis
inflammation of the liver (from viral hep or drug toxicity
What are the 3 types of Hep and the organisms that cause them?
- Type A: Picornaviridae
- Type B: Hepadnviridae
- Type C: Flaviviridae
Viruses cause all 3
Hepatitis A
- transmission: oral -> intestines -> liver/kidneys/spleen
- loss of appetite, malaise, nausea, diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, fever chills
- vaccine; post-exposure immune globulins
Hepatitis B
- blood, saliva, breast milk, semen (blood infusion, IV, sex, drugs)
- fever, nausea, ab pain, fatigue, malaise, liver damage
- 10% chronic carriers
What are the high prevalence and low prevalence countries for Hepatitis B?
High prevalence = asia (birth - no acute, lifelong infection)
Low prevalence = western (blood/fluids often from risky behavior)
What is the treatment for Hepatitis B?
- none for acute
- chronic 7 drugs diminish viral DNA/antivirals
Hepatitis C
- transmitted through blood
- majority go to chronic
- treatment: drug combination
What are the other Hepatitis viruses other than A-C?
Hep D: often co-infection with HBV
Hep E; resembles HAV
