23 - Cardiovascular & Lymphatic infections Flashcards
Sepsis
blood infection (systemic inflammation)
Septicemia
microbes or toxins in blood
Symptoms of sepsis
- fever, rapid heart rate, high WBC
- drop in blood pressure (shock)
- organ dysfunction and failure
- most common cause is Gram +
Lymphangitis
inflamed lymph vessels, red streaks
Septic shock
low blood pressure that can no longer be controlled with fluids (gram negative cause this because of endotoxin release)
Anthrax organism
bacteria - Bacillus anthracis
What are the four virulence factors of anthrax?
- edema toxin (interferes with phagocytosis)
- lethal toxin (targets and kill macrophages)
- capsule (made of a.a. residues)
- protective antigen (used on both toxins to bind to target cells)
What are the 3 forms of anthrax?
- cutaneous
- gastrointestinal
- inhalational
Cutaneous anthrax
- most common human cases
- enters through a skin lesion
- papules form, rupture and ulcerated area becomes black with a scab
Gastrointestinal anthrax
- transmitted through ingestion of undercooked food with endospores
- symptoms: nausea, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, ulcerated lesions in GI tract
- 50% mortality
Inhalational anthrax
- symptoms fever, coughing, chest pain
- transmitted by inhalation -> septic shock to death
- appx. 100% mortality
Anthrax treatment
antibiotics are effective early on and human vaccine is available which prevents entry of toxins
Gangrene
death of tissue from loss of blood supply - most common microbe is Clostridium perfringens
Symptoms of gangrene
- ischemia (blood supply interrupted)
- necrosis (death of tissue)
these both can lead to gas gangrene…. - bacteria grow and ferment carbs which leads to gas production and swelling of tissue also toxins produce lead to further bacteria growth
Treatment of gangrene
- gangrene (cleaning and antibiotics)
- gas gangrene (amputation/hyperbaric chamber)
Plague
“black death” - Yersinia pestis - bacteria
Plague transmission
through a flea bite (not person-person) -> bacteria enters bloodstream
other: skinning infected animals, domestic cats (scratches, bites or licks), or rats
Plague symptoms
- proliferates in lymph and blood (grows inside phagocytic cells)
- lymph nodes in groin and armpit become enlarged (buboes)
- fever
What are 2 different types of plague?
- septicemic plague - bacteria enter blood (septic shock)
- pneumonic plague - bacteria enter lungs; spread through lungs (100% mortality)
Plague treatment
antibiotics - vaccine available
Lyme disease organism
Borrelia burgdorferi - spirochete
How is Lyme disease transmitted?
field mice reservoir - nymphal stage of ticks feed on mice and then infect humans
feed 3 times in life cycle (1&2 larva and nymph of mice and 3 as adult on deer)
Lyme disease phases
- 1st phase: (rash at bite site - clear in center) then flu-like symptoms
- 2nd phase: heart is affected, irregular beat requires pacemaker - neurological symptoms - facial paralysis, fatigue, memory less, meningitis, encephalitis
- 3rd phase: months-years, arthritis
Lyme disease treatment
- antibiotics during early stages
- large amounts later stages
Epidemic typhus organism
Rickettsia prowazekii - bacteria
Epidemic typhus symptoms
fever,rash, hemorrhaging, high mortality if untreated
Epidemic typhus transmission
lice feces; unsanitary conditions
Epidemic typhus treatment
antibiotics most effect; controlling unsanitary conditions most important
Rickettsias - typhus disease transmission
arthropod vectors - squirrel reservoir
Rocky mountain spotted fever organism
Rickettsia rickettsi (bacteria)
Rocky mountain spotted fever symptoms
- macular rash
- similar to measles except on palms and soles
- fever and headache
- 3% fatal
Rocky mountain spotted fever transmission
tickborne typhus - parasite of ticks
Rocky mountain spotted fever treatment
antibiotics effective if early - no vaccine
Infectious mononucleosis organism
Epstein-Barr virus (EBV ) - Herpes virus (double-stranded DNA)
Mono symptoms
asymptomatic or general viral symptoms (15-25 peak incidence)
Mono transmission
transfer through saliva (kissing, sharing drinks, etc)
Mono treatment
rest, low activity (enlarged spleen)
Cytomegalovirus organism
herpes virus (aka CMV)
- remains latent
- forms inclusion bodies
CMV symptoms
- newborns: intellectual disability, hearing loss
- adults: no symptoms or mild mono symptoms
- immunocompromised: pneumonia, life threatening
Treatments for CMV
antivirals and no vaccine
Transmission of CMV
body fluids
Chikungunya organism, symptoms, transmission
- viral infection
- high fever, severe crippling joint pains, and rash with blisters
- vector: mosquito
Toxoplasmosis organism
Toxoplasma gondii - protozoan (spores)
Toxoplasmosis transmission
- carried in cats they don’t get sick but shed in feces
- undercooked meats
Toxoplasmosis symptoms
- inflammation
- chronic infection (tissue cyst where parasite lives w/in the brain)
- can cause stillbirth
Treatment for toxoplasmosis
treatment available doesn’t effect chronic phase of cysts and is toxic
Malaria organism
Plasmodium (protozoa)
Malaria transmission
mosquito vector
Malaria symptoms
chills, fever, vomiting, headache
What are the 4 species of plasmodium
- P. vivax (most prevalent - benign)
- P. ovale (lack of energy - low incidence)
- P. malariae (lack of energy - low incidence)
- P. falciparum (most dangerous - RBCs infected and killed)
Malaria treatment
- vaccines are in development
- anti-protozoan
- prevention: insecticide treated bed nets
What are the 4 major hemorrhagic fevers?
- yellow fever - flavivirus
- dengue - flavivirus
- marburg/ebola - filovirus
- hantavirus - bunyavirus
What are the treatments for hemorrhagic viruses?
none
Yellow Fever
- endemic in tropical areas
- monkeys (natural reservoir) but can have human to human - entry through skin (mosquito)
- vaccine available
- symptoms: fever, chills, headache, jaundice
Dengue
- mosquito vector
- fever, muscle and joint pain, rash
Marburg Virus
- green monkey virus
- african monkeys
- blood contact
- symptoms: headache, muscle pain, high fever, vomiting blood and bleeding everywhere - leads to death from organ failure and shock
Ebola
- blood contact
- blood vessel walls damaged, interferes with coagulation
- cave fruit bats: reservoir
- shed through blood and body fluids
Hantavirus
- inhalation transmission
- lungs fill with fluid/pneumonia
- reservoir: fied mice
