23 - Cardiovascular & Lymphatic infections

Question 1

Sepsis

Answer 1

blood infection (systemic inflammation)

Question 2

Septicemia

Answer 2

microbes or toxins in blood

Question 3

Symptoms of sepsis

Answer 3

• fever, rapid heart rate, high WBC
• drop in blood pressure (shock)
• organ dysfunction and failure
• most common cause is Gram +

Question 4

Lymphangitis

Answer 4

inflamed lymph vessels, red streaks

Question 5

Septic shock

Answer 5

low blood pressure that can no longer be controlled with fluids (gram negative cause this because of endotoxin release)

Question 6

Anthrax organism

Answer 6

bacteria - Bacillus anthracis

Question 7

What are the four virulence factors of anthrax?

Answer 7

1. edema toxin (interferes with phagocytosis)
2. lethal toxin (targets and kill macrophages)
3. capsule (made of a.a. residues)
4. protective antigen (used on both toxins to bind to target cells)

Question 8

What are the 3 forms of anthrax?

Answer 8

1. cutaneous
2. gastrointestinal
3. inhalational

Question 9

Cutaneous anthrax

Answer 9

• most common human cases
• enters through a skin lesion
• papules form, rupture and ulcerated area becomes black with a scab

Question 10

Gastrointestinal anthrax

Answer 10

• transmitted through ingestion of undercooked food with endospores
• symptoms: nausea, abdominal pain, bloody diarrhea, ulcerated lesions in GI tract
• 50% mortality

Question 11

Inhalational anthrax

Answer 11

• symptoms fever, coughing, chest pain
• transmitted by inhalation -> septic shock to death
• appx. 100% mortality

Question 12

Anthrax treatment

Answer 12

antibiotics are effective early on and human vaccine is available which prevents entry of toxins

Question 13

Gangrene

Answer 13

death of tissue from loss of blood supply - most common microbe is Clostridium perfringens

Question 14

Symptoms of gangrene

Answer 14

• ischemia (blood supply interrupted)
• necrosis (death of tissue)
  these both can lead to gas gangrene….
• bacteria grow and ferment carbs which leads to gas production and swelling of tissue also toxins produce lead to further bacteria growth

Question 15

Treatment of gangrene

Answer 15

• gangrene (cleaning and antibiotics)
• gas gangrene (amputation/hyperbaric chamber)

Question 16

Plague

Answer 16

“black death” - Yersinia pestis - bacteria

Question 17

Plague transmission

Answer 17

through a flea bite (not person-person) -> bacteria enters bloodstream

other: skinning infected animals, domestic cats (scratches, bites or licks), or rats

Question 18

Plague symptoms

Answer 18

• proliferates in lymph and blood (grows inside phagocytic cells)
• lymph nodes in groin and armpit become enlarged (buboes)
• fever

Question 19

What are 2 different types of plague?

Answer 19

1. septicemic plague - bacteria enter blood (septic shock)
2. pneumonic plague - bacteria enter lungs; spread through lungs (100% mortality)

Question 20

Plague treatment

Answer 20

antibiotics - vaccine available

Question 21

Lyme disease organism

Answer 21

Borrelia burgdorferi - spirochete

Question 22

How is Lyme disease transmitted?

Answer 22

field mice reservoir - nymphal stage of ticks feed on mice and then infect humans

feed 3 times in life cycle (1&2 larva and nymph of mice and 3 as adult on deer)

Question 23

Lyme disease phases

Answer 23

1. 1st phase: (rash at bite site - clear in center) then flu-like symptoms
2. 2nd phase: heart is affected, irregular beat requires pacemaker - neurological symptoms - facial paralysis, fatigue, memory less, meningitis, encephalitis
3. 3rd phase: months-years, arthritis

Question 24

Lyme disease treatment

Answer 24

• antibiotics during early stages
• large amounts later stages

Question 25

Epidemic typhus organism

Answer 25

Rickettsia prowazekii - bacteria

Question 26

Epidemic typhus symptoms

Answer 26

fever,rash, hemorrhaging, high mortality if untreated

Question 27

Epidemic typhus transmission

Answer 27

lice feces; unsanitary conditions

Question 28

Epidemic typhus treatment

Answer 28

antibiotics most effect; controlling unsanitary conditions most important

Question 29

Rickettsias - typhus disease transmission

Answer 29

arthropod vectors - squirrel reservoir

Question 30

Rocky mountain spotted fever organism

Answer 30

Rickettsia rickettsi (bacteria)

Question 31

Rocky mountain spotted fever symptoms

Answer 31

- macular rash - similar to measles except on palms and soles - fever and headache - 3% fatal

Question 32

Rocky mountain spotted fever transmission

Answer 32

tickborne typhus - parasite of ticks

Question 33

Rocky mountain spotted fever treatment

Answer 33

antibiotics effective if early - no vaccine

Question 34

Infectious mononucleosis organism

Answer 34

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV ) - Herpes virus (double-stranded DNA)

Question 35

Mono symptoms

Answer 35

asymptomatic or general viral symptoms (15-25 peak incidence)

Question 36

Mono transmission

Answer 36

transfer through saliva (kissing, sharing drinks, etc)

Question 37

Mono treatment

Answer 37

rest, low activity (enlarged spleen)

Question 38

Cytomegalovirus organism

Answer 38

herpes virus (aka CMV) - remains latent - forms inclusion bodies

Question 39

CMV symptoms

Answer 39

- newborns: intellectual disability, hearing loss - adults: no symptoms or mild mono symptoms - immunocompromised: pneumonia, life threatening

Question 40

Treatments for CMV

Answer 40

antivirals and no vaccine

Question 41

Transmission of CMV

Answer 41

body fluids

Question 42

Chikungunya organism, symptoms, transmission

Answer 42

- viral infection - high fever, severe crippling joint pains, and rash with blisters - vector: mosquito

Question 43

Toxoplasmosis organism

Answer 43

Toxoplasma gondii - protozoan (spores)

Question 44

Toxoplasmosis transmission

Answer 44

- carried in cats they don't get sick but shed in feces - undercooked meats

Question 45

Toxoplasmosis symptoms

Answer 45

- inflammation - chronic infection (tissue cyst where parasite lives w/in the brain) - can cause stillbirth

Question 46

Treatment for toxoplasmosis

Answer 46

treatment available doesn't effect chronic phase of cysts and is toxic

Question 47

Malaria organism

Answer 47

Plasmodium (protozoa)

Question 48

Malaria transmission

Answer 48

mosquito vector

Question 49

Malaria symptoms

Answer 49

chills, fever, vomiting, headache

Question 50

What are the 4 species of plasmodium

Answer 50

1. P. vivax (most prevalent - benign) 2. P. ovale (lack of energy - low incidence) 3. P. malariae (lack of energy - low incidence) 4. P. falciparum (most dangerous - RBCs infected and killed)

Question 51

Malaria treatment

Answer 51

- vaccines are in development - anti-protozoan - prevention: insecticide treated bed nets

Question 52

What are the 4 major hemorrhagic fevers?

Answer 52

1. yellow fever - flavivirus 2. dengue - flavivirus 3. marburg/ebola - filovirus 4. hantavirus - bunyavirus

Question 53

What are the treatments for hemorrhagic viruses?

Answer 53

none

Question 54

Yellow Fever

Answer 54

- endemic in tropical areas - monkeys (natural reservoir) but can have human to human - entry through skin (mosquito) - vaccine available - symptoms: fever, chills, headache, jaundice

Question 55

Dengue

Answer 55

- mosquito vector - fever, muscle and joint pain, rash

Question 56

Marburg Virus

Answer 56

- green monkey virus - african monkeys - blood contact - symptoms: headache, muscle pain, high fever, vomiting blood and bleeding everywhere - leads to death from organ failure and shock

Question 57

Ebola

Answer 57

- blood contact - blood vessel walls damaged, interferes with coagulation - cave fruit bats: reservoir - shed through blood and body fluids

Question 58

Hantavirus

Answer 58

- inhalation transmission - lungs fill with fluid/pneumonia - reservoir: fied mice