3.2 Chapter Questions - Plants Flashcards
What are the significant developments in the evolution of land plants?
- Evolved from green algae
- Evolved to reproduce with embryos
- Adapted a protection from drying out
- Developed system for body of plant to lift it to light
plant evolution
- Beginning with bryophytes, then to be vascular plants because they were able to be grown taller and deeper roots for more nutrients
- Fern and bryophytes are dependent on water which is not handy for desert areas
- So, that was the next stage in evolution
- Gymnosperm generally uses wind for reproduction
- Then, angiosperms lives in very diverse habitats due to the seed forming fruit
Why is it difficult to distinguish plants from algae?
- Chlorophyll a & b
- Cellulose in cell walls
- Stores food energy in the form of starch
- Their DNA sequences in nuclei
Roots function in vascular plants.
- Anchor
- Absorb water and nutrients
Leaves function in vascular plants.
Increase surface area for gas exchange and photosynthesis
Name the four major groups of plants, and give an example of each.
- Bryophytes (mosses)
- Ferns (whisk fern)
- Gymnosperms (pine tree)
- Angiosperms (wheat)
How are bryophytes different from other plants?
- Most primitive group
- Dependent on diffusion and osmosis
- Grows low to the ground
- Have rhizoids
- Reproduce by spores
- 3 phyla
What are the two lifecycle stages of the bryophyte, and which one is the most visible?
Sporophyte (diploid)
Gametophyte (haploid)
Why do bryophytes live in moist, shaded areas?
They lack vascular tissue which means they depend on diffusion and osmosis, also they cannot move nutrients throughout the plant
What are the main characteristics of seedless vascular plants?
- Tall
- Produce spores for reproduction
When you see a fern in the woods, are you looking at the gametophyte or sporophyte of the plant?
sporophytes
Clarify the difference between a spore and a seed. Give an example of the plants that use each.
- Spores are lightweight reproductive cells. An example of this is ferns’ reproduction
- Seeds reproduction units that are an embryonic stage of a plant’s life cycle. An example of this is fruit.
differences between gymnosperms and angiosperms.
Similarities
- Reproduce by seeds
- Most successful group
- Reproduce sexually
- Provides protection against harsh environments
Differences
- Gymnosperms are naked seeds and most are cones
- Angiosperms are vesseled seeds, pollinates using insects
How are male and female pine cones different?
- Male pine cones are soft and short-lived
- Female pine cones are hard, long-living, and has scales where eggs develop
Explain the role of pollen grains in conifer reproduction.
- Pollen grains are fertilizers that are carried by insects typically
- Conifer relies on wind and animals to transfer the spores to the eggs
List 4 advantages seeds provide to land plants.
- Seeds are protective of the embryo (durable)
- Different dispersal methods
- Longevity - they can stay dormant for a long time
- Good genetic variation (adapt to environment)
In which two classifications of plants is the gametophyte never a free-living plant?
- Gametophyte does not need the sporophyte to live
- Gametophyte is already free living
- Gymnosperms and angiosperms
In which group of plants are most species evergreen?
gymnosperms
Describe what a fruit is, how it develops, and how it assists with seed dispersal.
- Ovary of an angiosperm grows into fruit
- Develops if the seed are fertilized, they will not develop if not fertilized
- Ovary gets triggered to develop a fruit
- Animals eat the fruit then moves them around and uses animals as a mode of seed dispersal
- Fruit often gives seeds an advantage to seed dispersal, some germinate through animal’s digestive track
- Helps with genetic variation because they can spread far
Stamen =
anther + filament
Carpel =
stigma + style + ovary
