10.1 Chapter Questions - The Function of Digestion

Question 1

What is the difference between a monosaccharide and a disaccharide. Give 3 examples of each.

Answer 1

• Monosaccharide are one sugar unit examples are galactose, glucose, and fructose.
• Disaccharide is two monosaccharides formed together, examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose.

Question 2

If an athlete runs for 15 minutes, which macromolecules are likely to break down first in the athlete’s body?

Answer 2

• main source of energy = carbohydrates
• preferred fuel for short-duration, high-intensity activities.
• Stored glycogen, which is the storage form of carbohydrates, is broken down into glucose for energy

Question 3

Which macromolecules would provide the greatest benefit as a long-term energy storage molecule to a bird that migrates long distances?

Answer 3

1. Energy Density: Fats have a higher energy content per gram compared to carbohydrates or proteins. This high energy density allows for efficient energy storage since birds can carry a larger amount of energy in the form of fat without adding excessive weight.
2. Reduced Weight: Fat molecules are more compact and lighter than carbohydrates in terms of energy storage. This is crucial for migratory birds as they need to conserve energy and minimize weight during long flights.
3. Slow Metabolism: Fats are metabolized at a slower rate compared to carbohydrates, providing a sustained and prolonged energy release. This is essential for migratory birds that require a continuous supply of energy over extended periods without frequent feeding opportunities.
4. Insulation and Protection: Fat deposits also serve as insulation, providing thermal regulation during flights over various climatic conditions. Additionally, fat stores can act as a protective cushion for vital organs during the strenuous physical activity of long flights.

Question 4

A dessert topping for ice cream contains maltose, soybean oil, and salt. Identify the kinds of macromolecules and minerals that are in this topping.

Answer 4

1. Maltose: Maltose is a disaccharide and a type of carbohydrate. It consists of two glucose molecules bonded together.
2. Soybean oil: Soybean oil is a type of fat, specifically a triglyceride. Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and three fatty acid molecules.
3. Salt: Salt refers to sodium chloride, which is an inorganic mineral compound. It does not fall into the category of macromolecules but is an essential mineral in the diet.

Question 5

Why must macromolecules be broken down into smaller molecules during digestion?

Answer 5

• Enzymatic Action
• Absorption
• Energy Release

Question 6

In your own words, describe the 4 different structural levels of a protein.

Answer 6

• Primary: Straight chain
• Secondary structure: due to difference charges it pleats, kinks, and twists
• Tertiary structure: Bigger folding in on itself due to the sulfur, leaving it folded
• Quaternary structure: blobs with each other at the tertiary structure

Question 7

Explain why humans cannot survive for more than a few days without drinking water.

Answer 7

• Water balance
• Hydration
• Dehydration effects
• Water loss

Question 8

Which vitamin is involved in the absorption of calcium from foods?

Answer 8

Vitamin D

Question 9

Identify a vitamin that would be useful to take for night blindness.

Answer 9

Vitamin A

Question 10

What vitamin deficiency could lead to bone malformations?

Answer 10

Vitamin D

Question 11

What minerals are required for oxygen transport in the blood?

Answer 11

• Iron
• Copper
• Zinc
• Manganese
• Cobalt

Question 12

Minerals responsible for good nerve conduction?

Answer 12

• Calcium
• Sodium and potassium
• Magnesium
• Phosphorus
• iron, copper, and zinc

Question 13

Vitamin required for healthy gums?

Answer 13

Vitamin C

Question 14

To prevent cramping during a soccer match, an athlete is advised to eat a banana and drink a glass of milk before the game. Explain why these foods might be helpful in preventing cramps.

Answer 14

• Bananas are a good source of potassium, an essential mineral for muscle function.
• Potassium plays a role in maintaining proper muscle contraction and relaxation.
• Consuming potassium-rich foods like bananas may help prevent muscle cramps.
• Milk is a source of calcium, another mineral important for muscle function.
• Calcium is involved in muscle contraction and relaxation.
• Drinking milk before the game can provide calcium to support muscle function and potentially prevent cramping.

Question 15

A new diet pill claims that it can help a person lose weight by turning off enzyme production in the stomach. Why do people think this will help them reduce weight? What are some possible side effects?

Answer 15

• The pill will turn off the pepsin enzyme
• You would be unable to digest proteins.
• Possible side effects are impaired digestion, decreased nutrition

Question 16

Explain why enzymes are required for chemical digestion.

Answer 16

• enzymes break chemical bonds, making digestion and absorption more efficient.
• Enzymes ensure optimal nutrient absorption and utilization.

Question 17

Describe the process performed by an enzyme upon a macromolecule.

Answer 17

• Enzymes are specialized proteins that catalyze reactions.
• Enzymes bind to specific macromolecules at active sites.
• Enzymes cause conformational changes and break or modify macromolecule bonds.
• Enzymes remain unchanged and can be reused.
• Products are released, and enzymes are highly specific.
• Factors like temperature, pH, and substrate concentration affect enzyme activity.