3 Abnormal findings in Lungs + Thorax Flashcards by jessica quintos

types of adventitious breath sounds

fine
coarse
rhonchi
wheeze
stridor
friction rub

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fine rales/crackles

high pitched, short, cracking

-end of I, does NOT clear w cough

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coarse rales/crackles

loud, moist, low pitches, bubbling

-end of I, does NOT clear w cough

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rhonchi

low pitched, continuous, snoring, rattling

-E/I, clears/changes w cough

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wheeze

high pitched, continuous

-E/I when severe

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stridor

loud, high pitched crowing heard w/o stethoscope

-I

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friction rub

low pitched, grating, rubbing

-E/I

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discontinuous sounds

crackles/rales

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continuous sounds

wheeze, rhonchi

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cause of fine/coarse rales/crackles

collapsed/fluid filled alveoli open

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cause of rhonchi

fluid-blocked airways

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cause of wheeze

blocked airflow in asthma, infection, foreign body obstruction

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cause of stridor

obstructed UPPER airway

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cause of friction rub

pleural inflammation

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consolidation

portions of lungs that are normally filled w air instead contains fluid or tissue

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bronchophony

[norm + abnorm]

say 99 each time stethoscope touches
norm: muffled sounds
abnorm: loud/more distinct means consolidation

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egophony

[norm + abnorm]

say EEEEE each time stethoscope touches
norm: eeeee
abnorm: sounds like aaayy in areas of consolidation

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whispered pectoriloquy

[norm + abnorm]

whisper 1,2,3
norm: faint, non-distinguishable
abnorm: loud + clear over consolidation

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frequent site of aspiration pneumonia

right middle lobe

-4-6th intercostal space

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tachypnea

-rapid shallow

>24

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bradypnea

slow, reg resp

<10

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hyperventilation

rapid, deep resp

>24

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hypoventilation

irregular, shallow resp

<10

cheyne-strokes

period of deep breaths + periods of apnea

biot's

shallow, deep resp w periods of apnea

obstructive breathing

prolonged expiration

common causes of tachypnea

- fever - fear - exercise - resp insufficient - pleuritic pain - alkalosis - PNA

common causes of bradypnea

- diabetic coma - drug induced resp depress - incr ICP

common causes of hyperventilation

-extreme exertion -fear -diabetic ketoacid -hypoxia salicylate overdose -hypoglycemia

common causes of hypoventilation

- narcotic overdose - anesthetics - prolonged bed rest - drug induced resp depress

common causes of cheyne-strokes

- normal in kids + aging - HF - uremia - brain damage - drug induced resp depress

common causes of biot's

- brain damage | - resp depress

common causes of obstructive breathing

-COPD asthma chronic bronchitis

asthma

chronic hyperreactive condition resulting in bronchospasms, mucosal edema, incr mucus secretion -response to inhaled irritants or allergens

asthma | [subjective findings]

- dyspnea - anxiety - chest pain

asthma | [objective findings]

- wheeze - diminished breath sounds - -absent if severe - incr resp rate - incr use of accessory muscles - decr O2 sat

atelactasis

collapse due to airway obstruction (mucous plug, lack of surfactant, compressed chest wall)

atelactasis | [subjective findings]

- absence of symptom if only small portion is affected | - dyspnea if significant portion of lung is affected

atelactasis | [objective findings]

- decr/absent breath sounds over affected area - incr resp rate - decr O2 sat - cyanosis if severe

chronic bronchitis

inflammation of traceobronchial tree | -leads to incr mucus production + blocked airway

chronic bronchitis | [subjective findings]

- dyspnea | - fatigue r/t incr work breathing

chronic bronchitis | [objective findings]

- **chronic productive cough - incr resp rate - use of accessory muscle - wheeze/rhonchi

emphysema

chronic inflammation of lungs leads to destruction of alveoli + decr elasticity -air is trapped + lungs hyperinflate

emphysema | [subjective findings]

- dyspnea | - air hunger r/t hypoxemia + CO2 retension + air trap

emphysema | [objective findings]

- barrel chest - cyanosis - hypercarbia - clubbing - diminished breath sounds

lobar PNA

infection that causes fluid, bacteria, + cellular debris to fill alveoli

lobar PNA | [subjective findings]

- dyspnea - fatigue - chills

lobar PNA | [objective findings]

- incr reso rate - fever - productive cough - decr O2 sat - bronchial breath sounds + CRACKLES

pleural effusion | [objective findings]

- cough - dininished breath sonds - decr/absent fremitus - no voice transmittion

pneumothorax

air moves into pleural space - causes partial/complete collapse of lungs - can be spontaneous, traumatic, or tension

pneumothorax | [objective findings]

- incr resp rate - decr O2 sat - diminished/absent breath sounds over affected area - decr chest wall expansion - tracheal deviated to unaffected area

Pursed lip breathing

Physiologic response to slow down expiration | -CHF, emphysema, asthma

Resonance

(loud, low pitched, hollow, lungs) -normal -You CANNOT auscultate resonance You can only percuss

Hyperresonance

(abnormally loud, air trapped in lungs) | -abnormal

Flatness/Dull

(high pitched, soft, sort, muscle or bones, over ribs) | -abnormal