法律英语随身听 3 法院体系 Flashcards
（1）在美国有51个独立的法院体制：1个联邦法院体制以及50个州依据其宪法和法律建立独立的法院体制。
There are 51 separate court systems in the United States of America. In addition to the federal court system, each state has a separate system under its own constitution and laws.
独立的
separate
（2）在各州，联邦法院和州法院同时并存，均负责审理民事案件和刑事案件。
Federal and state courts exist virtually side-by-side in every state, and review both civil and criminal cases.
virtually
[ˈvɜːrtʃuəli]
adv.
1. 几乎; 差不多;
2. 事实上; 实际上;
3. 模拟; 虚拟; 以模拟现实技术
[例句]Virtually all cooking was done over coal-fired ranges.
差不多所有的烹饪都是在燃煤灶上进行的。
负责审理
review
和
both … and ….
（3）事实上在许多领域联邦法院和州法院的管辖权相互重叠。
There are large areas where the jurisdiction of federal and state courts overlaps.
在许多领域
…large areas where…
（4）当事人可以自行确定其提起诉讼的法院。他们可以选择他们之间的纠纷适用哪一种法院体制。
The parties may, at their discretion, decide on the court where they initiate a lawsuit. And there is a choice for the disputes between them as to which of the two systems they should be in.
当事人
The parties
自行
at their discretion
其提起诉讼的法院
the court where they initiate a lawsuit
提起诉讼
initiate a lawsuit
他们可以选择
there is a choice
as to
[词典]
- 至于，谈到;
- 关于
- 成比例;
[例句]This gave me a clue as to the source of the problem.
这件事给我提供了找出问题根源的线索。
2.1 联邦法院的管辖权
2.1 Jurisdiction of the Federal Courts
管辖权
Jurisdiction
（1）联邦法院不具有一般管辖权，但具有美国国会赋予的特定管辖权。
Federal courts are not courts of general jurisdiction but rather more limited jurisdiction as prescribed by the U.S. Congress.
不具有
….are not ….. of
特定管辖权
more limited jurisdiction
赋予
as prescribed by …
prescribe
[prɪˈskraɪb] v.
- 给…开(药); 让…采用(疗法); 开(处方);
- 规定; 命令; 指示
[例句]Our doctor diagnosed a throat infection and prescribed antibiotic and junior aspirin.
我们的医生诊断是喉部感染，并且开了一些抗生素和小剂量阿司匹林。
[其他] 第三人称单数：prescribes 现在分词：prescribing 过去式：prescribed 过去分词：prescribed
（2）《美国宪法》设立了最高法院并赋予其一定的初审权和上诉审权。
The United States Constitution established the Supreme Court and vests certain original and appellate jurisdiction in it.
初审权
original jurisdiction
上诉审权
appellate jurisdiction
赋予其
vest…in…
一定的
certain
设立
establish
（3）联邦法院体制中有最高法院、上诉法院、地区法院、索赔法院、关税及专利上诉法院、海关法院、税务法院以及军事上诉法院。【背每一个名词】
The courts in the federal court system include Supreme Court, courts of appeals, district courts, courts of claims, courts of customs and patent appeals, customs courts, tax courts and courts of military appeals.
关税及专利上诉法院
courts of customs and patent appeals
军事上诉法院
courts of military appeals
（4）最高法院对联邦法院和州法院的案件有最终的上诉复审权。除此之外，它对涉及大使、部长和领事的案件及州作为一方当事人的案件有初审管辖权。
The Supreme Court is the highest appellate review for either federal courts or state courts. It also has the original jurisdiciton in those cases affecting ambassabors, ministers and consuls and those cases to which a state is a party.
consul
consul 美[ˈkɑːnsl]
n. 领事
[例句]The British Consul in Zurich has confirmed that a British man was among the people killed.
英国驻苏黎世领事证实被害人中有一名英国籍男子。
最终的上诉复审权
the highest appellate review
【直译：所有上诉权中最牛的，因为上级法院对下级法院都有“上诉复审权”】
涉及。。。的案件
those cases affecting。。。
大使
ambassabor
部长
minister
州作为一方当事人的案件
cases to which a state is a party
2.2 州法院的管辖权
Jurisdiction of the State Courts
（1）每一个州都有自己的法院体制，每一州法院体制都有一级初审法院和两级上诉法院。
Each state has its own court system and each state court system has a trial court level and two levels of appellate review.
（2）就法院对诉讼案件的管辖权而言，州法院是具有一般管辖权的法院。
With reference to the jurisdiction of a court to hear a lawsuit, state courts are courts of general jurisdiction.
with reference to
[词典] 关于，根据
[例句]He summed up his philosophy, with reference to Calvin.
他总结了自己的哲学，还提及了加尔文。
具有
of
a court to hear a lawsuit
审理诉讼案件的法院
（3）所以，法院一经向被告发出通知候审，就可以行使属人管辖权（也称为“属地管辖权”）审理民事案件。
Hence, as long as the defendant is served notice of the pending lawsuit, a state court may exert personal jurisdiction (also referred to as territorial jurisdiction) over the defendant and hear any civil matter.
所以
Hence
一经
as long as
法院向被告发出通知候审
【要翻译成被动形式】
the defendant is served notice of the pending lawsuit
行使
exert 某权利 /权力 over sb.
exert [ɪɡˈzɜːrt]
v.
1. 运用; 行使;
2. 施加;
3. 努力; 竭力
[例句]He exerted considerable influence on the thinking of the scientific community on these issues.
他极大地影响了科学界对这些问题的看法。
[其他] 第三人称单数：exerts 现在分词：exerting 过去式：exerted 过去分词：exerted
属人管辖权
personal jurisdiction
也称为“属地管辖权”
also referred to as territorial jurisdiction
审理民事案件
hear any civil matter
审理
hear
（4）州法院可以行使属地管辖权的案件有： ① 被告同意在该法庭所在地被起诉； ② 被告本人身处该法庭所在州； ③ 该州有法律规定，授权对该州之外的人或财产行使属地管辖权； ④ 该法庭所在州为被告住所地。
A state court may exercise territorial jurisdiction in the following cases:
① a defendant consents to be sued in the state where the state court is located;
② the defendant is physically present in the forum state;
③ or such state has a statute which authorizes the exercise of territorial jurisdiction over persons or properties outside the state’s borders;
④ the forum state is where the defendant is domiciled.
exercise … in some case
exercise… over sb.
在。。。情况下行使。。。。
对某人行使。。。
同意被起诉
consent to be sued
在该法庭所在地【指的是法庭所在的州】
in the state where the state court is located
本人身处
is physically present in…
法庭所在州
forum state
该州有法律规定
such state has a statute
授权
authorize
该州之外
outside the state’s borders
被告住所地
where the defendant is domiciled
人或财产
persons or properties
（5）除了上述有一般审判管辖权的州法院外，还有具有专门审判管辖权的州法院，如刑事法院、巡回法院、民事法院、未成年人法院和遗嘱检验法院。
In addition to the above state courts with general jurisdiction, state courts are also courts with specialized trial jurisdiction, such as criminal courts, circuit courts, civil courts, juvenile courts and probate courts.
专门初审管辖权的州法院
state court with specialized trial jurisdiction
未成年人法院
juvenile court
遗嘱检验法院
probate court
2.3 行政机构
Administrative Agencies
（1）除上述法院体制外，美国还在法院体制之外设立了一些行政机构，用以监督联邦法律的实施并被授权对违反联邦法律的行为提起法律诉讼。
In addition to the above court systems, some administrative agencies have been established out of the court system to monitor compliance with various federal statutory schemes and are empowered to commence proceedings or actions for violations of those laws.
除。。。之外
In addition to 。。。
在法院体制之外
out of the court system
用以监督联邦法律的实施
to monitor compliance with various federal statutory schemes
并被授权
and are empowered to do sth.
提起法律诉讼
commence proceedings or actions
对违反联邦法律的行为
【。。。的行为：不用直译成activities, 有violation就够了】
for violations of those laws
（2）例如，美国司法部负责监督和调查反托拉斯法的遵守情况，并被授权代表美国提起诉讼，矫正或纠正违反该法的行为。
For example, the United States Department of Justice monitors and investigates compliance with the anitrust laws, and is empowered to commence suits on behalf of the United States to remedy or correct violations.
美国司法部
the United States Department of Justice
监督和调查
monitor and investigate
反托拉斯法的遵守情况
compliance with the anitrust laws
提起诉讼
commence suits
矫正或纠正
remedy or correct
违反该法的行为
violations
（3）联邦贸易委员会负责监督与贸易条例有关的法律的执行情况，并被授权进行正式的调查并采取行动确保这些法律得以遵守。
The Federal Trade Commission is the governmental agency that monitors compliance with law relating to trade regulations and is empowered to take actions to ensure compliance.
联邦贸易委员会
The Federal Trade Commission
监督（某某法律）的执行情况
monitors compliance with law
与贸易条例有关的法律
law relating to trade regulations
采取行动
take actions
确保这些法律得以遵守
to ensure compliance
（4）证券交易委员会监督规范证券交易法律的执行情况。
The Securities and Exchange Commission monitors compliance with a broad range of laws governing all aspects of securities transactions.
证券交易委员会
The Securities and Exchange Commission
（5）其他有类似作用的联邦行政机构还有：核管制委员会、州际商业委员会和联邦电讯委员会。
Besides, there are other federal administrative agencies with similar functions, such as Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Interstate Commerce Commission, and the Federal Communications Commission, etc.
核管制委员会
Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC)
州际商业委员会
Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC)
联邦电讯委员会
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
有类似作用的
with similar functions
2.4 仲裁和调解
Arbitration and Mediation
（1）仲裁是最传统并最为人熟知的用于法庭外解决争议的方式。
Arbitration is the most traditional and well-known form used in the dispute resolution out of court.
方式
form
法庭外
out of court
解决争议
dispute resolution
其特点是具有灵活性，且解决争议的手段为双方所接受。
Arbitration is characterized by flexibility and mutual acceptance of means of conflict resolution.
为双方所接受
mutual acceptance
解决争议的手段
means of conflict resolution
（2）但今年来，仲裁一直受到批评。批评者认为它在形式上太正规，仲裁费用也很高；而且几乎和传统的诉讼一样费时。
But recently, arbitration has been criticized as overly formal, expensive and almost as time-consuming as traditional litigation.
形式上太正规
overly formal
裁费用也很高
expensive
几乎和传统的诉讼一样费时
almost as time-consuming as traditional litigation
费时
time-consuming
（3）因此，商业纠纷当事人开始寻求不太正规、更有效率的解决争议的方式，如调解。
Consequently, commercial parties often seek less formal and more efficient means to settle their disputes, such as mediation.
因此
Consequently
商业纠纷当事人
commercial parties
寻求
seek
不太正规
less formal
更有效率
more efficient
解决争议的方式
means to settle their disputes
（4）调解是指争议各方在一个中立的第三方的帮助下解决其纠纷。
Mediation is a process in which disputing parties are aided by a neutral third party to attempt to settle their dispute.
争议各方
disputing parties
中立的第三方
a neutral third party
帮助
aid
（5）与仲裁不同的是，调解一般没有约束力。
Mediation, unlike arbitration, is not generally binding.
（6）但当事人还是会同意签署一份和解协议。
The parties may, however, agree to enter into a settlement agreement.
一份和解协议
a settlement agreement
签署
enter into
（7）调解是自愿的，没有约束力，调解过程完成由当事人自己控制。
Mediation is voluntary and non-binding and its process is under control of the parties themselves.
没有约束力
non-binding
由。。。控制
is under control of…
（8）和解协议只有所有当事人都同意时才能达成。
Settlement will be reached only if it is acceptable to all the parties.
只有…才能
…only if…
达成
be reached
同意
it is acceptable to
（9）如果调解不成，将通过仲裁或诉讼解决争议。
If mediation fails, the dispute usually will go on to arbitration or litigation.
诉讼
litigation
不成
fail
