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OBSTETRICS > 2P - Placental Abnormalities > Flashcards

2P - Placental Abnormalities Flashcards

1
Q

The basal plate lies against the uterine wall which is divided into portions by what?

A

Cotyledons

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2
Q

This is the fetal surface of the placenta where the umbilical cord inserts?

A

Chorionic plate

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3
Q

What variant of the placenta has one or more disparately smaller accessory lobes?

A

Succenturiate

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4
Q

Which variants of the placenta poses a higher risk for hemorrhage due to formation of previa?

A

Succenturiate and membranacea

Succenturiate is more significant with fetal hemorrhage, uterine atony, hemorrhage and endometritis

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5
Q

This variant of placenta is characterized by having a ring shape?

A

Placenta membranaceae

antepartum and
postpartum hemorrhage and fetal growth restriction.

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6
Q

variant of placenta where Central portion of a placental disc is missing?

A

Placenta fenestrata

common defect - only involves villous tissues;

rare defect - Actual hole in the placenta

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7
Q

This placental abnormality is characterized as a placenta thicker than 40mm and May be secondary to maternal diabetes or severe
maternal anemia, or to fetal hydrops, anemia, or infection
caused by syphilis, toxoplasmosis, parvovirus, or
cytomegalovirus?

A

Placentomegaly

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8
Q

This condition happens when the chorionic plate fails to extend to its periphery?

A

Extrachoral placentation

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9
Q

This extrachoral placentation is characterized sonographically by double fold can be seen as a thick,
linear band of echoes extending from one placental edge
to the other?

A

Circumvallate

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10
Q

This extrachoral placentation is associated with increased risk for antepartum bleeding,
abruption, fetal demise, and preterm birth.

A

Circumvallate

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11
Q

This extrachoral placentation is shown with Fibrin and old hemorrhage lie between the placenta and
the overlying sheer amniochorion

A

Circummarginate

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12
Q

This maternal placental blood flow disruption is Caused by slowing of maternal blood flow within theintervillous space?`

A

Subchorionic firbin deposition

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13
Q

This maternal placental blood flow disruption is caused by Stasis of maternal blood flow around an individual villus and results in fibrin deposition and can lead to
diminished villous oxygenation and necrosis of
syncytiotrophoblast

A

Pervillous fibrin deposition

Cross section: small, yellow-white placental nodules
are within the parenchyma

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14
Q

This is the extreme form of perivillous fibrin deposition

A

Maternal floor infarction

Thick, yellow or white, rim with corrugated surface
that impedes normal maternal blood flow into the
intervillous space

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15
Q

An intervillous thrombus which is colored red is recent or old?

A

Recent

White-yellow: older
Intervillous thrombus is Not associated with adverse fetal sequelae

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16
Q

1st week of placental hematoma appear?

A

Hyper or isoechoic

1-2 weeks: hypoechoic
After 2 wks: anechoic

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17
Q

What placental hematoma is also called as subchorionic hemorrhage

A

marginal hematoma

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18
Q

Hematoma between the placenta and its adjacent decidua?

A

Retroplacental hematoma

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19
Q

Also called as Breus mole or massive subchorionic hematoma?

A

Subchorial thrombus

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20
Q

Fetal blood flow disruption where affected portions of the placenta become non functional and the affected parts are mostly the villi, This is mainly caused by preeclampsia?

A

Fetal thrombotic vasculopathy

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21
Q

Fetal blood flow disruption most commonly occurring during the third stage of labor when cord traction ruptures a vessel near the cord insertion?

A

Subamnionic hematoma

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22
Q

Condition wherein there is § Increased number of capillaries within terminal
villi?

A

Chorangiosis

Requires ≥ 10 capillaries to be present in ≥ 10
villi in ≥10 fields viewed through a 10x
microscopic lens

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23
Q

Increased capillary number in stem villi, but

terminal villi are spared

A

Chorangiomatosis

Linked with fetal-growth restriction and
anomalies

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24
Q

Calcium salts, when present in placenta are most commonly seen where?

A

Basal plate

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25
Q

Grading of placenta? Placenta is homogenous, flat, smooth with no calcifications

A

Grade 0

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26
Q

Placental grading? Placenta has echogenic stippling at the basal plate

A

Grade 2

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27
Q

Placental grading? Placenta has scattered echogenicities and subtle chorionic plate

A

Grade 1

28
Q

Placental grading? Placenta has echogenic indentations from the chorionic plate to the basal plate which create discrete components that resemble cotyledons. Basal plate densities also increased

A

Grade 3

29
Q

Patient has a well circumscribed, rounded hypoechoic lesion near the chorionic plate and protruding into the amnionic cavity. What is the diagnosis?

A

Chorioangioma

30
Q

What sized of chorioangioma can can symptoms start to show?

A

4 cm

31
Q

What are the sequelaes of chorioangioma?

A

hydramnios, preterm delivery, and fetal growth restriction

32
Q

What tumor marker is increased in chorioangioma?

A

MSAFP

33
Q

What cardiac sequelae can result from chorioangioma?

A

fetal heart failure

treated with digoxin

34
Q

Tumor metastasis towards the fetus is common? T or F?

A

False. Usually confined to the intervillous space

35
Q

Most common metastatic tumor to the placenta altho still rare?

A

Melanoma

36
Q

Chorioamnionitis usual routes of infection are ascending or descending?

A

Ascending

37
Q

How many hours post rupture will the fetus be considered septic?

A

12 hours

38
Q

What prevents the ascending infection of the upper reproductive tract of a woman?

A

Mucus plug

39
Q

Infection of the full thickness of the placental membranes is called?

A

Chorioamnionitis

40
Q

Infection of the chorionic plate and the umbilical cord is called?

A

Funsitis

41
Q

What is the gross indicator of infection of the placental membranes?

A

Clouding of membranes

42
Q

Placental lesion consisting of numerous small, light tan
nodules on amnion that overlies the placenta and is considered hallmark of prolonged and severe
oligohydramnios?

A

Amnion Nodosum

43
Q

This disruption in fetal development causes formation of strings that entrap the fetus and cause amputation?

A

Amnion bands; amniotic band syndrome

44
Q

What is the umbilical cord length at delivery?

A

40-70 cm

Cord length increases with increase in amniotic fluid
volume and fetal mobility

45
Q

Fetus with down syndrome has short cords or long cords?

A

Short cords

46
Q

Fetus with macrosomia usually has what kind of umbilical cords?

A

Large diameter cords

47
Q

This is the number of complete coils divided by the length of
the cord in centimeters?

A

Umbilical cord index

48
Q

Hypercoiling of the umbilcial cord is associated with?

A

Fetal demise

49
Q

Hypocoiling of the umbilical cord is associated with?

A

IUGR and fetal acidosis and asphyxia

50
Q

Most common aberration in umbilical vessel number?

A

Single umbilical cord artery

caused by secondary
atrophy of a previously normal umbilical artery

51
Q

A single umbilical artery greatly increases what risk?

A

Aneuploidy

Amniocentesis is recommended
Most frequent anomalies are cardiovascular and
genitourinary

52
Q

A condition wherein there is a connection between two umbilical arteries within approximately 3 cm of the placental insertion of the
cord?

A

Hyrtl Anastamosis

Anastomosis acts as a pressure equalizing system
between umbilical arteries

53
Q

Epithelium-lined remnants of allantois and may

co-exist with a persistently patent urachus

A

True cyst

54
Q

This may form from local degeneration of Wharton jelly

A

Pseudocyst

55
Q

Cord insertion at placental margin is sometimes referred

to as a?

A

Battledore placenta

Cord is normally inserted at or near center of fetal surface of the placenta

Of little site normal, but umbilical vessel lose
protective Wharton jelly shortly before insertion

56
Q

Umbilical vessels spread within membranes at a
distance from placental margin, which they reach
surrounded only by a fold of amnion.

A

Velamentous insertion

57
Q

During sonography, a hanging noose sign was seen? What is the diagnosis?

A

Cord knots

58
Q

These are knots from focal redundancies of a vessel or Wharton
jelly, with no clinical significance?

A

False knots

59
Q

These knots are common among monoamniotic twins caused by active fetal movements?

A

True Knots

60
Q

Focal narrowings of the diameter that usually develop near the fetal cord insertion site characterized by absence of Wharton jelly, stenosis or obliteration of cord and vessels at the narrow segment?

A

Stictures

61
Q

Cord around the neck is called?

A

nuchal cord

62
Q

This presentation occurs when the umbilical cord is the presenting part in labor ?

A

Funic presentation

Associated with fetal malformation

63
Q

Rare and generally follow
rupture of an umbilical vessel,
usually the vein, and bleeding
into the Wharton jelly.

A

Cord hematoma

64
Q

Umbilical cord vessel thrombosis are usually venous, arterial or both?

A

Venous

65
Q

Marked focal dilatation that may develop within intra- amniotic part of umbilical vein or within its fetal intra- abdominal portion?

A

Umbilical vein varix

increased rates of fetal
demise, structural anomalies,
and aneuploidy

66
Q

Rare congenital thinning of vessel wall with diminished
support from wharton jelly?

Association with single umbilical artery, trisomy

A

Umbilical Artery Aneurysm

OBSTETRICS (36 decks)

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