2.7.2013(pathology)55 Flashcards
Risk factors for development of colorectal cancer
Dietary fat Smoking Ureterosigmoidostomy IBD Streptococcus bovis bacterimia
Single gene disorders with non classic inheritance
Triplet repeat mutation
Mutations in mt genes
Genomic imprinting
Gonadal mosaicism
Inherited syndromes with malignant polyps in both small and large intestines
Gardner
Lesions associated with gardener
CONGENITAL HYPERTROPHY OF RETINAL PIGMENT EPITHELIUM osteoma Fibroma Lipoma Epidermoid cyst Ampullary cancers
Tumors associated with peutz jegher syndrome
Ovary
Pancreas
Endometrium
Breast
Combined immunodeficiency(both T and B cell defect)
Nezelof syndrome
Ataxia telangiectasia
Wiskott Aldrich
SCID
Which snake bite causes DIC
Viper
Early liver failure,which is not prolonged
PT or aPTT
aPTT
Elevated aPTT but no bleeding
XII HMK PK lupus anticoagulant Heparin
Horseshoe kidney,vertebral level
L4
Horseshoe kidney,which poles are fused
Lower poles 90%
Horse shoe kidney is commonly seen in which syndrome
Turner
Tumor which is common in horseshoe kidney
Wilms tumor
Common form of crossed fused Ectopia
Left kidney crossing and fusing with lower pole of rt kidney
Tumors that express FasL
Melanoma
HCC
Cause apoptosis of T cells
Mechanisms by which tumor cells escape immune surveillance
Antigen negative variants Loss of MHC2(however they may trigger NK cells) Immune suppression by TGF B Antigen masking Apoptosis of cytotoxic T cells Lack of co stimulation
NK/T cells
NK cells expressing CD3
NK/T cells recognise antigens presented by
CD1 molecule
NK/T cells are effective against
Listeria monocytogenes
M.Tuberculosis
Genetic causes of ADPKD
ADPKD1 chr16
ADPKD2 chr 4
Somatic mutation
Loss of heterozygosity
Difference in presentation of ADPKD1 and ADPKD2
Late age of onset and renal failure in ADPKD2
Risk factors for progressive renal disease in ADPKD
ADPKD 1 Younger age Hypertension Black race Male
autosomal dominant cystic diseases of kidney
ADPKD
adult onset medullary cystic kidney disease
Causes of SVC syndrome
Adenocarcinoma of lung small cell Ca of lung SCC of lung Lymphoma(common cause in young age) Thyroid Ca Thymoma Teratoma Synovial cell sarcoma Angiosarcoma
Oncogenes with tyrosine receptor activity$
BCR-ABL
MET
ERBB2
$ gene mutations in oesophageal cancer
P53 Cyclin D1 p16INK4a C-MYC EGFR
Causes of enlarged kidneys
Amyloidosis Diabetic nephropathy Multiple myeloma HIV associated nephropathy ADPKD* obstructive uropathy*
- true enlargement seen
Antibodies in atrophic gastritis
Against H+K+ ATPase Gastrin receptor IF(most specific) Parietal cells
Appearance of amyloid in various microscopy techniques
Light microscopy - Congo red- pink
Polarising microscopy -apple green birefringence
X ray crystallography or infrared spectroscopy- beta pleated sheets
EM- 10nm fibrils
Autoimmune gastritis commonly involves which part of stomach
Fundus
Body
Antrum is spared
HLA in autoimmune gastritis
HLA B8
HLA DR3
Types of chronic gastritis
Type A autoimmune - body predominant
Type B H.pylori - antral predominant
X linked recessive hematopoitic disorders
SIDEROBLASTIC ANEMIA Hemophilia A and B Wiskott Aldrich Agammaglobulima CGD G6PD
Causes of x linked recessive diseases
Color blindness
Ocular albinism
Androgen insensitivity of syndrome
Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus
Mode of inheritance of Laurence moon biedel syndrome
AR
Autosomal recessive inheritance is seen in
Usher syndrome Chediak higashi LAD pendred Klippel feil syndrome Ehlers danlos Osteopetrosis Familial Mediterranean fever Bartter syndrome Gitelman syndrome Nephronophthisis
Complications of blood transfusion
Hyperkalemia Hypocalcemia Metabolic alkalosis Hyperammonemia Hypothermia
Cause of metabolic alkalosis in blood transfusion
One molecule of citrate releases 3 molecules of bicarbonate
Infections that may be transmitted by blood transfusion
HIV hepatitis B and C Malaria CMV cJD Brucellosis Syphilis Parvovirus B19 Chagas disease
PAS positive kidney structures
GBM
TBM(tubular basement membrane)
mesangium
Brush border of PCT
AntiFibrinolytic factors in platelets
Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
Alpha 2 antiplasmin
Platelets also have anti fibrinolytic factors
Microscopic polyangitis involves
Capillaries
Venules
Arterioles
Other name for Li fraumeni syndrome
SBLA syndrome Sarcoma Breast Leukemia Adrenal gland
Mitochondrial disease associated with dementia and increased CSF protein
MERRF
Factors that cause both chemotaxis and increased vascular permeability
C5a
PAF
NO
CSF in Multiple sclerosis
Increased protein
Oligoclonal bands
Causes of increased CSF protein
Diabetes Connective tissue disease Uraemia Myxedema Cerebral hemorrhage Brain tumors Meningioma Acoustic neuroma Ependymoma
