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COB Genetics > 2.5 Coding and Non-coding RNA > Flashcards

2.5 Coding and Non-coding RNA Flashcards

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1
Q

What was the nature of the defect that caused hemophilia in the family of Tsar Nicholas?

A

Defect in splice site caused inactivation of hemophilia gene. Point mutation.

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2
Q

What is the concept of collinearity and noncollinerity.

A

Suggests that a continuous sequence of nucleotides in DNA encodes a continuous sequence of amino acids in a protein.

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3
Q

What are euk genes? noncolinearity or colinearity?

A

Noncolinearity

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4
Q

How did we find out that euk genes were noncolinear?

A

By hybridizing DNA and mRNA

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5
Q

How did we find out that euk genes were noncolinear?

A

By hybridizing DNA and mRNA

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6
Q

Why are euk genes noncolinear?

A

The coding sequences (exons) of most euk genes are disrupted by noncoding introns.

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7
Q

What is the splicing mechanism for Group I introns?

A

self splicing

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8
Q

What is the splicing mechanism for Group II introns?

A

Self splicing

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9
Q

What is the splicing mechanism for Nuclear pre-mRNA introns?

A

Spliceosomal

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10
Q

What is the splicing mechanism for tRNA introns?

A

Enzymatic

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11
Q

What does a gene include?

A
  1. DNA seq that code for exons and introns. 2. Seq at the beginning and end of RNA that are not translated into a protein, including the entire transcription unit (promoter, RNA coding seq, terminator)
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12
Q

What is the structure of mRNA?

A

5’ UTR (where 5’ cap is), Protein coding region and 3’ untranslated region which is site if microRNA binding. (poly a tail)

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13
Q

The splicesome must know what in order to splice?

A

The consensus sequences on the 5’ and 3’

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14
Q

What does the addition of 5’ cap do?

A

Helps binding of ribosome to 5’ end of mRNA, increases mRNA

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15
Q

What does the addition of polyA tail do?

A

Increases stability of mRNA, helps binding of ribosome to mRNA.

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16
Q

What is the seq of events for splicing? 5 steps

A
  1. 5’ site recognized and brings proteins in to do cutting. 2. 5’ bent around and attache to A. 3. 3’ end cut. 4. intron released. 5. Exons spliced together.
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17
Q

Where does RNA splicing take place?

A

Within the spliceosome

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18
Q

What is nuclear organization?

A

intron removal, mRNA processing, and transcription take place at the same site in the nucleus.

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19
Q

Pertaining to alternative splicing, what does it depend on?

A

Where the 3’ cleavage site is

20
Q

What is RNA editing?

A

Coding seq altered after transcription

21
Q

What are guide RNAs?

A

Responsible for RNA editing. They change seq of a message POST transcriptionally, so that it is slightly modified . Thus making significant changes in amino acids.

22
Q

When is mature euk mRNA produced?

A

When pre-mRNA is transcribed and undergoes sever types of processing

23
Q

What two things do siRNAs and microRNAs have?

A

Dicer and RISC.

24
Q

What does Dicer do?

A

Dicer cleaves dsRNA and pre-miRNA into short ds RNA fragments (siRNA and microRNA)

25
Q

What is RISC?

A

RNA-induced silencing complex

26
Q

What do siRNAs do?

A

Interfere with the expression of specific genes with complementary nucleotide sequenced by degrading mRNA after transcription. Preventing translation.

27
Q

Which is more common? siRNA or microRNA?

A

siRNA

28
Q

What is the origin of siRNA?

A

mRNA, transposon, or virus

29
Q

What is the origin of miRNAs?

A

RNA transcribed from distinct gene

30
Q

What is siRNA cleaved from?

A

RNA duplex or ssRNA that forms long hairpins

31
Q

What is miRNA cleaved from?

A

ssRNA that forms short hairpins of dsRNA

32
Q

What is the size of siRNA and miRNA?

A

same size, 21-25 nucleotides

33
Q

What does siRNA inhibit through action?

A

Transcription

34
Q

What does miRNA inhibit through action?

A

Translation

35
Q

What is the target of siRNA?

A

genes from which they were transcribed

36
Q

What is the target of miRNA?

A

Genes from other than those from which there were transcribed.

37
Q

What are snoRNAs?

A

purpose is to modify other noncoding RNAs like the ribosome. Add mythel groups, not inhibiting but slightly changing

38
Q

What regulatory role do snoRNAs play in?

A

Development

39
Q

What is the structure of tRNA?

A

Rare modified RNA nucleotide bases (ribothymine and pseudouridine), the cloverleaf structure (2ndary structure), and anticodon

40
Q

What do all tRNAs posses?

A

a common 2ndary structure, the cloverleaf structure.

41
Q

What is the anticodon on tRNA?

A

Has 3 bases and interacts with a codon in mRNA. Determines which amino acid is attached to the acceptor arm

42
Q

What is the acceptor arm in tRNA?

A

the site of attachment of amino acids to tRNA

43
Q

What are tRNAs capable of?

A

self splicing

44
Q

When is ribosomal RNA processed?

A

After transcription

45
Q

What is CRISPR?

A

Prokaryotic noncoding RNA, function in defense against invasion of foreign DNAs and chops it up.

COB Genetics (32 decks)

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