2.2. Causes and Consequences of urbanisation Flashcards
What is natural population growth?
when more people are being born than dying
What leads to high rates of natural increase?
- younger population
- better healthcare
- low infant mortality rate
- falling death rates
What are the processes associated with rural to urban migration?
push and pull factors
Why are people in LICs more likely to move to other areas?
Rural areas are much more isolated in LICs so people go to urban areas thinking there are better opportunities
What are the consequences of urban growth?
- housing and urban sprawl
- waste
- employment
- transport
What are some of the housing and urban sprawl consequences of urban growth?
- gentrification
- decentralisation
- requires more roads and infrastructure
- loss of farmland and open spaces- fresh food
- wildlife habitat loss due to urban sprawl
- more fuel consumption/ traffic congestion
- increased commuting
- affects water quality and quantity
LICs specifically:
- high population density -> shortage of accommodation
- informal housing
- limited access to basic infrastructure
What are some of the waste consequences of urban growth
- financial restraints can result in lack of basic services such as water and electricity
- maintenance of infrastructure = limited
- traffic congestion = polluted water, flooding, rapid spread of disease
- 2015 -> 5% of piped water reached squatter settlement areas in 42 Indian cities and towns
- old tyres cut up and used to make sandals
- washing machine doors used as kitchen bowls
- food waste fed to animals/ composted
- glass bottles collected and returned
What are some transport consequences of urban growth?
- traffic flows for shopping, entertainment and other services
- urbanisation and suburbanisation have led to increased traffic in cities -> caused congestion- pollution, damaging health and wasting billions of pounds on lost productivity
- spread of houses in suburbs + beyond = surges of morning & evening commuters
- car boom of 1960s, city planners built more and wider roads -> didn’t work
What are some economic consequences of urban growth?
- high proportion of young people moving to cities
- unemployment rates are typically high
- underemployment
- many migrants find employment in informal work such as street hawking