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AmmoTech > 2.1.3 > Flashcards

2.1.3 Flashcards

1
Q
  1. Define an Explosion
A

A violent release of energy in the form of heat, light and a large volume of gas / pressure rupturing a confining structure.

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2
Q
  1. Types of Explosion?
A

Physical (or mechanical)
Chemical
Nuclear

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3
Q
  1. Define a Physical Explosion
A

A rupture of contained gas or vapour release rapidly, with NOISE and VIOLENT movement

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4
Q
  1. Define a Chemical Explosion
A

Extremely rapid reaction of a chemical system to produce a rapid expansion of gas and heat

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5
Q
  1. Define a Nuclear Explosion
A

A sudden release of enormous quantities of heat by fission or fusion processes

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6
Q
  1. Define a Blast
A

A violent disruptive effect caused by an explosion. From the explosion there will be a evolution of heat and gases and a SHOCK FRONT starting from the centre

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7
Q
  1. What are the phases of a Blast?
A

SHOCK front
POSITIVE pressure phase (compression)
NEGATIVE pressure phase (rarefaction)

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8
Q
  1. What are the effects of a blast wave:

Reflection?

Diffraction?

A

R - It bounces backs or reflects out at an angle from a boundary

- Incident wave: incoming wae
- Reflected wave: wave that is bounced back

D - Breaking up or SCATTERING of a wave by an obstacle

  • The blast wave is thrown back at an angle to the original path, and/or
  • The bouncing back of a wave after it strikes a boundary

Breaking up or scattering of a wave by an obstacle

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9
Q

1 . Basic Principle of a Fuel Air Explosion?

A

Creating an aerosol cloud of fuel air mixture

then detonated for an explosive effect

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10
Q
  1. List the 7 main targets of FAE
A 
SCPMSBC
Structures
Concentrations of AFV and SP guns
Parked aircraft
Minefield clearance
Ships
Bunkers / trenches
Concentrations of troops in the open
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11
Q
  1. Using the Probability Product Rule, what is the
    probability of a kill, given P(L) (Lethality) = 60%, P(R)
    (Reliability) 80% & P(H) (Chance of hit) = 60%?
A 
P(K) = P(H) x P(R) x P(L)
PK = .6 X .8 X .6
PK = .288 or 29%
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12
Q
  1. What are the 6 main types of targets most frequently

engaged by fire?

A

PEVSACx

People
Vehicles
Structures
Equipment
Aircraft
Complex
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13
Q
  1. List the 3 levels of damage which an ammunition

designer may wish to achieve in regards to Target Analysis?

A

Disablement

Destruction

Neutralisation

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14
Q
  1. On the battlefield there are 3 types of key target groups that present themselves to land forces, list them?
A

People
Attack on Armour
Aircraft in flight

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15
Q
  1. Kinetic & Chemical are 2 main sources of energy employed in ammo design. Briefly describe each?
A

KINETIC Energy

- In the form of a solid missile (a "shot") 
- dissipates energy on impact  
- requires no triggering device to control the energy release

CHEMICAL Energy

  • In the form of a substance
  • has considerable potential energy relative to its mass,
  • can be released when suitably initiated
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16
Q
  1. What are the types of aircraft targets? (3)
A

FSH

Fast moving

Slow moving

Helicopters

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17
Q
  1. Aircraft Damage Criteria What is the standard criteria for damage and their effect on the target? (6)
A

KK-Kill target suffers IMMEDIATE and catastrophic disintegration
K-Kill destroyed in < 10 secs
A-Kill < 5 mins
B-Kill < 5 hours
C-Kill mission abort (mission unable to be achieved)
E-Kill target may complete the mission but will require repair before flying again.

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18
Q
  1. Aircraft Vulnerabilities (8)
A 
Air frame
Aircrew
Fuel tanks
Engines
Power transmission systems
Flight controls
Avionics
Bomb load
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19
Q
  1. Types of Warheads against aircraft (7+)
A

BFF…SkScSpC

Blast
Frag
Frag + blast
Special Kinetic energy
Discrete and Continuous rod
Shaped Charges
Sub-projectiles
Cluster
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20
Q
  1. Effects of Altitude (4)
A

Density
Miss Distance
Attenuation
Altitude increases / warhead increases

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21
Q
  1. Reduction of Aircraft Vulnerable Areas (5)
A 
ABCSS
Armouring
Burying sensitive components
Concentrating sensitive components
Separating components
Self-sealing fuel tanks
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22
Q
  1. What is the effect of Miss Distance?
A

Increase miss distance = increase NEQ

A greater NEQ is required as the miss distance increases

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23
Q
  1. Personnel - Types of damage? (2)
A

Physical

Mental

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24
Q
  1. The most efficient mode of attack against personnel requires…? (3)
A

High PROBABILITY of a hit

Rapid TRANSFER of energy

NO unnecessary OVERKILL

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25
Q
  1. What type of shells are Fragment attack PRODUCERS (3)
A

GPP

Generic HE projectiles
Pre notched containers
Pre formed fragments

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26
Q
  1. Control of Fragment SIZE is ACHIEVED by what? (4)
A

CTQV

  • Case material and its mechanical properties
  • Thickness of the wall
  • Quantity of explosive and its position in relation to the fragmenting case
  • VOD
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27
Q
  1. Control of Fragment VELOCITY is CONTROLLED by? (3)
A

DwAxCd

  • Density of the wall material
  • Amount of explosive behind the fragment wall
  • Charge density and velocity of detonation
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28
Q
  1. What are the factors affecting performance of fragmentation?
A

DOHA

  1. DISTRIBUTION of frag:
    - Spin rate will influence but not pattern
    - Usually symmetrical on longitudinal axis
    - Angle of arrival
  2. Orientation of projectile
    - Effective distribution when angle is vertical
    - Increasing amount of frag is projected into the air or ground as the angle changes
  3. Height of burst
    - 2-4 metres is best
    - achieved by fuzes
  4. Average area of exposed target
    - Target posture
    - Terrain
    - PPE
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29
Q
  1. The severity of casualty or type of wound depends on what? (3)
A

Actual energy transferred
Rate of transfer of energy from projectile to target
Tumbling/yawing reduces energy transfer

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30
Q
  1. FACTORS AFFECTING energy transfer of Frag weapon onto personnel (3)
A

Mass and velocity
Cross sectional area
fragment stability

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31
Q
  1. List the 3 basic modes / methods of attack to defeat armoured vehicles and fortifications
A

KCC

Kinetic energy

Chemical energy

A combination of both

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32
Q
  1. Types of Armour Construction
A

RSPFECS

Rolled homogenous armour
Spaced homogenous
Ply
Face hardened
Explosive reactive armour (ERA)
Composite (Chobham)
Slat (bar)
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33
Q
  1. APC & MICV (IFV) assessment criteria?
A

F - firepower kill

P - payload kill (Inf in the back)

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34
Q
  1. What are the types of shot failure when striking armour? Explain each
A

Barrelling - Shot bellies at the midpoint due to direct compression failure. Shot fails to penetrate.
Shattering - Severe hoop stresses are set up at the nose, due to hardness of the metal. Shot cracks
Lateral bending - The shot is subject to lateral stresses at high angle of attack

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35
Q
  1. What are ways to Increase Penetration? (5)
A 
Lengthening of the BARREL
Lengthening the PROJECTILE
RA - Rocket Assistance
Improve STEADINESS of shot
Use of segments long rod penetrators
36
Q
  1. HEAT - Factors affecting Shape Charges (5)
A 
Cone diameter
Shape of liner
Liner material
Stand-off distance
Rate of spin
37
Q
  1. Types of chemical energy ammunition
A

HEAT
HESH (HE Squash Head)
Plate charges

38
Q
  1. Behind Armour Effects
A

BAE contribute to lethality of attack

Effects may be physical, psychological or physiological

39
Q
  1. BAE TYPES (4)
A

Luminescence
Spalling
Heat/fires
Overpressure

40
Q
  1. Methods of weapons/Delivery of Plate Charges (5)
A

GGMAM

Guns

Grenades

Mines

Aircraft bombs

Missiles

41
Q

Factors taken into consideration in the defeat of armour (4)

A

Residual energy
Accuracy
Reliability
Lethality

42
Q
  1. Description of Kinetic Energy
A

In the form of a solid missile/projectile, which dissipates it’s energy on impact and requires no triggering device to control the energy release.

43
Q
  1. Description of Chemical Energy
A

In the form of a substance, with a considerable potential energy, relative to it’s mass, which can liberate that energy when suitably initiated. Such materials are familiar as HE and the initiation mechanism as the fuze.

44
Q
  1. General Principles of HESH?
A

Rebounding tension wave meets further primary shock wave

Large scab is detached from the rear surface

45
Q
  1. HESH Scab size in reference to its diameter
A

generally 1.25 to 1.5 times its own diameter

Velocity of scab 30 - 130 metres pers sec

46
Q
  1. What are the factors affecting the performance of HESH? (3)
A

Calibre

Angle of attack

Striking velocity

47
Q
  1. HESH performs well against? (3)
A

Emplacements
Pill-boxes
Concrete structures

48
Q
  1. Types of armour that defeat HESH (4)
A

Spaced armour
Skirting plates
Grooved
Reactive armour

49
Q
  1. Secondary effects from HESH (2)
A

Anti-personnel effects

Damage to sensitive equipment

50
Q
  1. What does “APDS-T” stand for?
A

Armour Piercing Discarding Sabot - Trace

51
Q
  1. What are the 2 parts of Discarding Sabot?
A

Petal

Pot

52
Q
  1. 2 types of stabilisation used for Kinetic Energy Weapons?
A

Fin

Spin

53
Q
  1. What does “APCNR” stand for
A

Armour-piercing Composite Non Rigid

54
Q
  1. What the 3 types of Ballistic Requirements
A

Internal
(Intermediate)
External
Terminal

55
Q
  1. What are the FACTORS affecting the performance of shaped charges? (5)
A
  • Cone diameter
  • Shape of liner
  • Liner material
  • Stand-off distance
  • Rate of spin
56
Q
  1. With a shaped charge the residual energy after penetration lies within what materials? (2)
A
  • Unconsumed part of the jet

- Fragments of metal

57
Q
  1. What is the principle of Shaped Charges?
A

If the energy from a HE charge could be FOCUSED or channeled to a point, it would be reasonable to expect that extremely high local energy levels could be achieved

58
Q
  1. How do shaped charges achieve their effect?
A

Intense concentration of kinetic energy

59
Q
  1. What is the Secondary effect of Shaped Charges
A

Anti-personnel effects from the fragmentation of the external casing

60
Q
  1. Means of spin compensation for shaped charges/projectiles
A

Slipping driving bands
Fluted liners
Spin compensated liners

61
Q
  1. What are the primary effects of an explosion
A

Blast

Heat

Fragmentation

62
Q
  1. List the different types of fuel for FAE
A

L A B E K A P

Liquidated gases
Acetylene
Butane
Ethylene oxide
Kerosene
Aluminium
Propylene oxide
63
Q
  1. Advantages of FAE
A

Greater overpressures than HE

Requires little or no oxygen in the molecular structure

3-5 times hotter than HE

64
Q
  1. Basic techniques used in the attack of aircraft in flight (4)
A

Blast
Frag
Blast and Frag
Special KE

65
Q
  1. Frag Warheads. Explain wastage and how a frag warhead can be made more EFFICIENT
A
  • 80% inefficient.

Efficiency improved by:
- HE+Frag in narrow beam/ in one chosen direction

66
Q
  1. KE Warheads - External & Terminal Ballistic Requirements? (3 + 1,1)
A

Small cross section
High mass
High velocity

Ext B: Aerodynamic design
Term B: Hard material

67
Q
  1. SC Stand-off distance for Shaped charges?
A

5 CD - best performance

68
Q
  1. Plate Charges. What are they also known as?
A

Miznay-Schardin Effect
Plate charge
EFP
Self forging fragment

69
Q
  1. Decribe burning to detonation
A

Sudden accelerating of a flame front until a shock wave is formed.

  • When explosives are confined in a tube and ignited at one end, the gas generated cannot escape.
  • Pressure builds up the burn rate which may accelerate to sonic velocity
  • A shock wave of formed and transforms into a detonation.
70
Q

Define Deflagration

A

Subsonic combustion that usually propagates through thermal conductivity of Iayers

71
Q

Define Detonation

A

Supersonic exothermic front Accelerating through a medium that drives a shock front directly in front of it

72
Q

What are the requirements for Propellants (5)

A 
Give regular ballistics
not produce excessive flash or smoke
not cause undue erosion
be relatively easy ignited
be stable for storage under Worldwide conditions
73
Q

List the Ways for the Initiation of Explosives (8)

A 
Direct heat
Percussion and Stabbing
Friction
Electrical Initiation
Shock Waves
Electromagnetic fields
Laser
Chemical Reaction
74
Q

What are the requirements for Explosives? (6)

A 
Performance
Sensitivity
Stability and behaviour in storage
Water resistance
Consistency
Thermal behaviour
75
Q

What is Brisance

A

The shattering effect of explosives

76
Q

Regarding Blast Pressure, what is:

Dynamic Pressure?
Incident pressure?
Quasi-Static Pressure
Reflected Pressure

A

DP
Results from high wind velocity & increased density of the air behind the shock front
IP
Pressure exerted at right angles to the travel of the shock front
Q-S P
When an explosion occurs with a structure - overpressure eventually settles
RP
Instantaneous build-up of pressure occuring when a shockfront strikes a rigid surface

77
Q
  1. Chemical Explosions must exhibit what? (4)
A

Rapid expansion
Evolution of heat
Rapidity of reaction
Initiation of reaction

78
Q
  1. Disadvantages of FAE
A

FAE is dependent on weather conditions

79
Q

What is Mach stem?

A

Occurs when the reflected blast wave coiside wit hte original wave

80
Q
  1. TA
A

Slides re: Atks on Pers, amr and a/c

81
Q
  1. What are the general principles Regarding an A/C target? (2)
A

Types of A/C targets
- Fast, slow, Helo
Vulnerability
Parts of the A/C (8)

82
Q
  1. A/C Damage Criteria: “Second Criteria” used by Industry ? (3)
A

F t -Flight Kill : a/c will be unable to fly within (t)
C t -Continuance Kill: a/c will be unable to continue with (t)
E t -Effectiveness Kill: a/c will be grounded for repair by (t)

83
Q

Classification of High Explosives. What are the 2 types; list 2 examples each

A

Primary Explosive: Very sensitive
Mercury Fulminate, Lead Azide, Lead Styphnate

Secondary Explosive: relatively insensitive
TNT, RDX

84
Q
  1. Armour “Kill” types and descriptions (3)
A

K Kill - destroyed
Firepower Kill - Main armament and/or crew unable to operate the system
Mobility Kill - Vehicle unable to move due to running gear and/or engine disabled

85
Q
  1. What are the design characteristics of HESH?

6 “must”

A
  • Head must be collapsible
  • Head must not be pointed
  • HE must have a high VoD
  • Explosive be plastic in nature
  • Fuze must be in the base
  • Inert bitumous pad in nose

AmmoTech (41 decks)

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