18.1- DNA structure and replication Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA controls ____

A

heredity

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2
Q

Hereditary info is carried through ___ on ____

A

genes on chromosomes

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3
Q

how Is cell structure and function controlled

A

through DNA controlling protein synthesis

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4
Q

RNA is involved in

A

gene expression

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5
Q

who came up with the transforming principle

A

Frederick griffith

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6
Q

what was the transforming principle

A

dead pathologic bacteria could pass on the disease causing capabilities to live bacteria- live bacteria- were “trasnformed”

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7
Q

what did Hershey and chase use

A

they used radioactive labeling to trace hereditary material of a virus

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8
Q

Both DNA and RNA are made up of small subunits called ___

A

nucleotides

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9
Q

DNA bases =

A

Adenine (A)
guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)

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10
Q

RNA bases =

A

Adenine (A)
guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Uracil (U)

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11
Q

A + G are called ___

A

Purines

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12
Q

C + T/U are called ___

A

pyridamines

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13
Q

What is chargaffs rule

A

A pairs with T
C pairs with G
(Purines pair with pyridamines)

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14
Q

what did Rosalind Franklin do/discover (2)

A
  • Used x-rays to study the shape of DNA
  • Discovered that DNA has a helical structure with sugar phosphate backbone on the outside and bases on the inside
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15
Q

what did Watsin and Crick do

A
  • produced a model of DNA structure
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16
Q

describe the double helix structure of DNA

A

2 nucleotide strands (connected by H-bonds) twisted into a helical shape

17
Q

Nucleotide strands are ___ to each other

A

antiparallel (flipped)

18
Q

Genome=

A

The entire set of DNA found in each cell

19
Q

Genetic code is made up of ___

A

a specific sequence of nucleotides

20
Q

DNA can make exact copies of itself during what phase

A

The S phase of interphase

21
Q

what is the S phase

A

DNA synthesis (copy)

22
Q

3 stages of DNA replication

A

1- Initiation
2- Elongation
3- termination

23
Q

what happens during the initiation stage of DNA replication (3)

A
  • begins at replication fork
  • Helicase enzymes bind to replication origin and cause DNA to unwind/unzip
  • unzipped strands act as templates for new strands to build from
24
Q

what happens during the elongation stage of DNA replication (4)

A
  • Enzyme DNA polymerase nucleotides are added to 3’ end of chain
  • leading strand is replicated continuously from 5’ end to 3’ end
  • lagging strand is replicated in many short segments (okazaki fragments)
  • newly replicated segments return to double helix
25
Q

what happens during the termination stage of DNA replication (1)

A

when both strands of DNA are completely replicated they separate and the replication machine breaks down

26
Q

what makes up the replication machine

A

many enzymes and proteins involved in the replication fork

27
Q

what enzymes cause DNA to unwind/unzip

A

Helicase

28
Q

What does DNA Ligase do

A

links okazaki fragments together into a continuous chain

29
Q

what provides a starting point for DNA polymerase

A

RNA primer

30
Q

What does DNA polymerase do and what stage of DNA replication is it involved in

A
  • It proofreads to sequence and makes sure H-bonding is happening between complementary bases
  • Elongation stage
31
Q

What Sugar does DNA use

A

deoxyribose

32
Q

what Sugar does RNA use

A

Ribose

33
Q

RNA uses ___ instead of thymine as a _____ base

A

Uracil
nitrogenous base

34
Q

is RNA single stranded or double stranded

A

Single stranded