1.3: Social class and identity Flashcards by Dani Shirley

There are several ways to define class.
One definition of class is that class is what?

One definition of class is that class is a group who share a similar:
1. Economic
2. Social
situation

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There are several ways to define class.
One definition of class is that class is a group who share a similar economic and social situation.
Social class is arguably a very significant aspect of identity.
It will clearly affect what?

Social class will clearly affect:

The economic circumstances of an individual’s upbringing
Related issues

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There are several ways to define class.
One definition of class is that class is a group who share a similar economic and social situation.
Social class is arguably a very significant aspect of identity.
Social class will clearly affect the economic circumstances of an individual's upbringing and related issues, such as what?

Social class will clearly affect:

The economic circumstances of an individual’s upbringing
Related issues, such as housing, health and schooling

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There are several ways to define class.
One definition of class is that class is a group who share a similar economic and social situation.
Social class is arguably a very significant aspect of identity.
Social class will clearly affect the economic circumstances of an individual's upbringing and related issues, such as housing, health and schooling.
However, it is argued that this will also lead to a social class developing what?

It is argued that this will also lead to a social class developing similar:

Norms and values
Cultures
Lifestyles

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There are several ways to define class.
One definition of class is that class is a group who share a similar economic and social situation.
Social class is arguably a very significant aspect of identity.
Social class will clearly affect the economic circumstances of an individual's upbringing and related issues, such as housing, health and schooling.
However, it is argued that this will also lead to a social class developing similar norms and values, cultures and lifestyles.
This may affect what?

This may affect an individual’s identity

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There are several ways to define class.
One definition of class is that class is a group who share a similar economic and social situation.
Social class is arguably a very significant aspect of identity.
Social class will clearly affect the economic circumstances of an individual's upbringing and related issues, such as housing, health and schooling.
However, it is argued that this will also lead to a social class developing similar norms and values, cultures and lifestyles.
This may affect an individual's identity: How what?

This may affect an individual’s identity: How:

They see themselves
Others see them

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There are several ways to define class.
One definition of class is that class is a group who share a similar economic and social situation.
Social class is arguably a very significant aspect of identity.
Social class will clearly affect the economic circumstances of an individual’s upbringing and related issues, such as housing, health and schooling.
However, it is argued that this will also lead to a social class developing similar norms and values, cultures and lifestyles.
This may affect an individual’s identity: How they see themselves and how others see them.
Class identity can be seen as a product of what?

Class identity can be seen as a product of socialisation

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Class identity can be seen as a product of socialisation:

Started in the family
Related to cultural characteristics

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There are several ways to define class.
One definition of class is that class is a group who share a similar economic and social situation.
Social class is arguably a very significant aspect of identity.
Social class will clearly affect the economic circumstances of an individual's upbringing and related issues, such as housing, health and schooling.
However, it is argued that this will also lead to a social class developing similar norms and values, cultures and lifestyles.
This may affect an individual's identity: How they see themselves and how others see them.
Class identity can be seen as a product of socialisation, started in the family and related to cultural characteristics such as what?

Class identity can be seen as a product of socialisation, started in the family and related to cultural characteristics such as:

Education
Occupation
Lifestyle
Taste

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Some systems of stratification are based on what?

Some systems of stratification are based on the idea of ascribed status

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Some systems of stratification are based on the idea of ascribed status.
What is this?

This is that your position in society is given to you at birth

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Some systems of stratification are based on the idea of ascribed status.
This is that your position in society is given to you at birth.
Other systems are based on the idea that individuals can do what?

Other systems are based on the idea that individuals can achieve their position in society

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Other systems are based on the idea that individuals can achieve their position in society, for example through:

Hard work
Education

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Sociologists often define social class according to what?

Sociologists often define social class according to the job that someone does

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Sociologists often define social class according to the job that someone does.
We all have a social class of what (based on our what)?

We all have a social class of origin (based on our family)

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Sociologists often define social class according to the job that someone does.
We all have a social class of origin (based on our family), but when we get a job, we will have what?

We all have a social class of origin (based on our family), but when we get a job, we will have a social class that we have achieved

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Social class is the main form of what in what society?

Social class is the main form of social stratification in British society

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Class identity

Class identity is the sense of:
1. Identity
2. Interest
that comes from the type of work people do

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Class identity is the sense of identity and interest that comes from the type of work people do.
They may share similar what?

They may share similar:

Values
Interests

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The upper class generally have what in society and good what?

The upper class generally have:

A good status and reputation in society
Good housing

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The upper class generally have a good status and reputation in society and good housing.
They have a say in what?

The upper class have a say in when they’re going to go to work

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The upper class generally have a good status and reputation in society and good housing.
The upper class have a say in when they're going to go to work, because most of them are what?

The upper class have a say in when they’re going to go to work, because most of them are self-employed

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The upper class generally have a good status and reputation in society and good housing.
The upper class have a say in when they're going to go to work, because most of them are self-employed.
The upper class are usually what, so they can spend more time with their children?

The upper class are usually owners, so they can spend more time with their children

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The working class generally do what work?

The working class generally do shift work

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``` The working class generally do shift work. The working class work long shifts for little pay or do what? ```

The working class work: 1. Long shifts for little pay Or, 2. Night shifts

``` The working class generally do shift work. The working class work long shifts for little pay or night shifts and then sleep all day when their children are what all day? ```

The working class work long shifts for little pay or night shifts and then sleep all day when their children are at school all day

``` The working class generally do shift work. The working class work long shifts for little pay or night shifts and then sleep all day when their children are at school all day, so they get what? ```

``` The working class work: 1. Long shifts for little pay Or, 2. Night shifts and then sleep all day when their children are at school all day ,so they get less time with their family ```

The working class probably have 2 jobs to make ends meet

Social mobility

``` Social mobility is the movement of individuals, families or households: 1. Within Or, 2. Between social strata in a society ```

Who speaks about the concept of class reproduction?

Crompton speaks about the concept of class reproduction

``` Crompton speaks about the concept of class reproduction. What is this? ```

Class reproduction is that there is hardly any social mobility taking place, because you're born into your class

Meritocracy

Meritocracy is a Functionalist concept that achieving things in life is all to do with hard work

``` Cultural characteristics of the upper class include what? 6 things ```

Cultural characteristics of the upper class include: 1. Privileged 2. Sense of superiority 3. High culture 4. Private school education 5. Tradition, etiquette and hierarchy 6. Hostility towards socialism

``` Cultural characteristics of the middle class include what? 6 things ```

Cultural characteristics of the middle class include: 1. Communicates position via conspicuous consumption 2. Concern over what others think 3. Emphasis on decency, respectability and social control 4. Deferred gratification 5. Cultural, economic and social capital 6. Educational achievement very important

``` Cultural characteristics of the working class include what? 6 things ```

Cultural characteristics of the working class include: 1. Share a common interest - shared community 2. Collectivism 3. Political and social difference 4. Traditional ideas about masculinity and femininity 5. Extended family support 6. Immediate gratification

According to who, a Marxist, 'class what' are determined by what?

``` According to Pierre Bourdieu, a Marxist, 'class fractions' are determined by varying degrees of: 1. Cultural 2. Economic 3. Social capital ```

``` According to Pierre Bourdieu, a Marxist, 'class fractions' are determined by varying degrees of cultural, economic and social capital. The what (ruling) class has the power to do what? ```

The dominant (ruling) class has the power to shape which attributes are valued

The dominant (ruling) class has the power to shape which attributes are valued and are in a position to: 1. Acquire 2. Pass on capital to their children

Cultural capital is the: 1. Knowledge 2. Attitudes 3. Skills 4. Education 5. Advantages that a person has

``` Cultural capital is the: 1. Knowledge 2. Attitudes 3. Skills 4. Education 5. Advantages that a person has ,that gives them a higher status in society ```

Cultural capital is linked to: 1. Habitus 2. Immediate or deferred gratification

Economic capital is economic resources

Economic capital is economic resources, such as: 1. Money/cash 2. Assets

Economic capital is economic resources, such as: 1. Money/cash 2. Assets (possessions)

Economic capital is linked to: 1. Ascribed 2. Achieved status

Ascribed status is having inherited it

Ascribed status is having inherited it, which links to Crompton

Social capital is: 1. Networking 2. Resources

Social capital is networking and resources based on: 1. Group membership 2. Relationships 3. Networks of influence 4. Support

These types of capital are associated with those of the higher class

These types of capital are interrelated

These types of capital are interrelated and someone with high levels of one type of capital is more likely to be able to attain the others as well

``` According to Pierre Bourdieu, a Marxist, 'class fractions' are determined by varying degrees of cultural, economic and social capital. The dominant (ruling) class has the power to shape which attributes are valued and are in a position to acquire and pass on capital to their children. These types of capital are associated with those of the higher class. These types of capital are interrelated and someone with high levels of one type of capital is more likely to be able to attain the others as well. However, what capital is the most significant for Bourdieu? ```

Cultural capital is the most significant for Bourdieu

``` According to Pierre Bourdieu, a Marxist, 'class fractions' are determined by varying degrees of cultural, economic and social capital. The dominant (ruling) class has the power to shape which attributes are valued and are in a position to acquire and pass on capital to their children. These types of capital are associated with those of the higher class. These types of capital are interrelated and someone with high levels of one type of capital is more likely to be able to attain the others as well. However, cultural capital is the most significant for Bourdieu, because parents do what? ```

Cultural capital is the most significant for Bourdieu, because parents provide their children with cultural capital

``` According to Pierre Bourdieu, a Marxist, 'class fractions' are determined by varying degrees of cultural, economic and social capital. The dominant (ruling) class has the power to shape which attributes are valued and are in a position to acquire and pass on capital to their children. These types of capital are associated with those of the higher class. These types of capital are interrelated and someone with high levels of one type of capital is more likely to be able to attain the others as well. However, cultural capital is the most significant for Bourdieu, because parents provide their children with cultural capital by doing what? ```

Cultural capital is the most significant for Bourdieu, because parents provide their children with cultural capital by transmitting the: 1. Attitudes 2. Knowledge needed to succeed in the current educational system

``` According to Pierre Bourdieu, a Marxist, 'class fractions' are determined by varying degrees of cultural, economic and social capital. The dominant (ruling) class has the power to shape which attributes are valued and are in a position to acquire and pass on capital to their children. These types of capital are associated with those of the higher class. These types of capital are interrelated and someone with high levels of one type of capital is more likely to be able to attain the others as well. However, cultural capital is the most significant for Bourdieu, because parents provide their children with cultural capital by transmitting the attitudes and knowledge needed to succeed in the current educational system, such as what? ```

Cultural capital is the most significant for Bourdieu, because parents provide their children with cultural capital by transmitting the attitudes and knowledge needed to succeed in the current educational system, such as: 1. The right ways of speaking and behaving in different circumstances 2. Knowledge of 'high culture' 3. Etiquette 4. Confidence in different social situations

According to Pierre Bourdieu, a Marxist, 'class fractions' are determined by varying degrees of cultural, economic and social capital. The dominant (ruling) class has the power to shape which attributes are valued and are in a position to acquire and pass on capital to their children. These types of capital are associated with those of the higher class. These types of capital are interrelated and someone with high levels of one type of capital is more likely to be able to attain the others as well. However, cultural capital is the most significant for Bourdieu, because parents provide their children with cultural capital by transmitting the attitudes and knowledge needed to succeed in the current educational system, such as the right ways of speaking and behaving in different circumstances, knowledge of 'high culture,' etiquette and confidence in different social situations. Those with high levels of cultural capital will be what?

Those with high levels of cultural capital will be in a position to accumulate the other forms of capital, too

Bourdieu, as a Marxist, argued that it is what that allows them to define the what that are valued?

Bourdieu, as a Marxist, argued that it is the power of the ruling class that allows them to define the: 1. Knowledge 2. Skills that are valued

Bourdieu, as a Marxist, argued that it is the power of the ruling class that allows them to define the knowledge and skills that are valued and to ensure that they, and their children, are what and do what?

Bourdieu, as a Marxist, argued that it is the power of the ruling class that allows them to: 1. Define the knowledge and skills that are valued 2. Ensure that they, and their children, are in the best position to acquire them and succeed

``` How is social class judged? Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include: 1. M? ```

Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include money/income

How is social class judged? Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include: 1. Money/income. 2. P - What?

Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include possessions - 1. Cars 2. Gadgets

Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include houses

Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include houses - The: 1. Type 2. Size 3. Area

Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include: 1. Lifestyle 2. Leisure 3. Hobbies 4. Television habits

Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include holidays

Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include dress/style

How is social class judged? Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include: 1. Money/income. 2. Possessions - Cars and gadgets. It can be argued that due to popular culture or the 'bulimic' society (Jock Young), people of lower classes are able to get the latest cars and gadgets through theft or second-hand. 3. Houses - The type, the size and the area. 4. Lifestyle, leisure, hobbies and television habits. The upper class are associated with high culture. For example, playing tennis, golf and polo. The working/under class are associated with popular culture. For example, football, snooker at the pub and watching soaps. 5. Holidays. he upper/middle class are associated with having holidays in 5 and 4 star villas, hotels with a scenic view and foreign countries such as New York, Rome and Cuba. The working class are associated with having 3 star holidays in Ireland, Majorca and Spain. The underclass are associated with having holidays in Skegness, Devon and Cornwall and Butlins. 6. Dress/style. The upper/working class are associated with designer suits and dresses, expensive watches and quality rather than quantity. The working class are associated with Debenhams, Topshop and Primark. The underclass are associated with quantity rather than quality. 7. A?

Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include accent/speech

Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include: 1. Norms 2. Values

Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include occupation

``` Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include occupation, since occupation is a traditional way used to: 1. Measure Or, 2. Assess social class ```

``` It can be argued that due to: 1. Popular culture Or, 2. The 'bulimic' society (Jock Young) ,people of lower classes are able to get the latest cars and gadgets through theft or second-hand ```

The upper class are associated with high culture

For example, playing: 1. Tennis 2. Golf 3. Polo

The working/under class are associated with popular culture

For example: 1. Football 2. Snooker at the pub 3. Watching soaps

The upper/middle class are associated with having holidays in: 1. 5 and 4 star villas 2. Hotels with a scenic view 3. Foreign countries such as New York, Rome and Cuba

The working class are associated with having 3 star holidays in: 1. Ireland 2. Majorca 3. Spain

The under class are associated with having holidays in: 1. Skegness 2. Devon and Cornwall 3. Butlins

The upper/working class are associated with: 1. Designer suits and dresses 2. Expensive watches 3. Quality rather than quantity

How is social class judged? Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include: 1. Money/income. 2. Possessions - Cars and gadgets. It can be argued that due to popular culture or the 'bulimic' society (Jock Young), people of lower classes are able to get the latest cars and gadgets through theft or second-hand. 3. Houses - The type, the size and the area. 4. Lifestyle, leisure, hobbies and television habits. The upper class are associated with high culture. For example, playing tennis, golf and polo. The working/under class are associated with popular culture. For example, football, snooker at the pub and watching soaps. 5. Holidays. The upper/middle class are associated with having holidays in 5 and 4 star villas, hotels with a scenic view and foreign countries such as New York, Rome and Cuba. The working class are associated with having 3 star holidays in Ireland, Majorca and Spain. The underclass are associated with having holidays in Skegness, Devon and Cornwall and Butlins. 6. Dress/style. The upper/working class are associated with designer suits and dresses, expensive watches and quality rather than quantity. The middle class are associated with what?

The middle class are associated with: 1. Debenhams 2. Topshop 3. Primark

How is social class judged? Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include: 1. Money/income. 2. Possessions - Cars and gadgets. It can be argued that due to popular culture or the 'bulimic' society (Jock Young), people of lower classes are able to get the latest cars and gadgets through theft or second-hand. 3. Houses - The type, the size and the area. 4. Lifestyle, leisure, hobbies and television habits. The upper class are associated with high culture. For example, playing tennis, golf and polo. The working/under class are associated with popular culture. For example, football, snooker at the pub and watching soaps. 5. Holidays. The upper/middle class are associated with having holidays in 5 and 4 star villas, hotels with a scenic view and foreign countries such as New York, Rome and Cuba. The working class are associated with having 3 star holidays in Ireland, Majorca and Spain. The underclass are associated with having holidays in Skegness, Devon and Cornwall and Butlins. 6. Dress/style. The upper/working class are associated with designer suits and dresses, expensive watches and quality rather than quantity. The working class are associated with Debenhams, Topshop and Primark. The underclass are associated with what?

The underclass are associated with: 1. Primark 2. Quantity rather than quality

How is social class judged? Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include: 1. Money/income. 2. Possessions - Cars and gadgets. It can be argued that due to popular culture or the 'bulimic' society (Jock Young), people of lower classes are able to get the latest cars and gadgets through theft or second-hand. 3. Houses - The type, the size and the area. 4. Lifestyle, leisure, hobbies and television habits. The upper class are associated with high culture. For example, playing tennis, golf and polo. The working/under class are associated with popular culture. For example, football, snooker at the pub and watching soaps. 5. Holidays. The upper/middle class are associated with having holidays in 5 and 4 star villas, hotels with a scenic view and foreign countries such as New York, Rome and Cuba. The working class are associated with having 3 star holidays in Ireland, Majorca and Spain. The underclass are associated with having holidays in Skegness, Devon and Cornwall and Butlins. 6. Dress/style. The upper/working class are associated with designer suits and dresses, expensive watches and quality rather than quantity. The working class are associated with Debenhams, Topshop and Primark. The underclass are associated with Primark and quantity rather than quality. 7. Accent/speech. The upper/middle class are associated with what?

The upper/middle class are associated with: 1. Full sentences 2. A high standard of English 3. A posh accent

How is social class judged? Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include: 1. Money/income. 2. Possessions - Cars and gadgets. It can be argued that due to popular culture or the 'bulimic' society (Jock Young), people of lower classes are able to get the latest cars and gadgets through theft or second-hand. 3. Houses - The type, the size and the area. 4. Lifestyle, leisure, hobbies and television habits. The upper class are associated with high culture. For example, playing tennis, golf and polo. The working/under class are associated with popular culture. For example, football, snooker at the pub and watching soaps. 5. Holidays. The upper/middle class are associated with having holidays in 5 and 4 star villas, hotels with a scenic view and foreign countries such as New York, Rome and Cuba. The working class are associated with having 3 star holidays in Ireland, Majorca and Spain. The underclass are associated with having holidays in Skegness, Devon and Cornwall and Butlins. 6. Dress/style. The upper/working class are associated with designer suits and dresses, expensive watches and quality rather than quantity. The working class are associated with Debenhams, Topshop and Primark. The underclass are associated with Primark and quantity rather than quality. 7. Accent/speech. The upper/middle class are associated with full sentences, a high standard of English and a posh accent, for example what?

The upper/middle class are associated with: 1. Full sentences 2. A high standard of English 3. A posh accent, for example pronouncing 'glass' as 'glaaas'

How is social class judged? Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include: 1. Money/income. 2. Possessions - Cars and gadgets. It can be argued that due to popular culture or the 'bulimic' society (Jock Young), people of lower classes are able to get the latest cars and gadgets through theft or second-hand. 3. Houses - The type, the size and the area. 4. Lifestyle, leisure, hobbies and television habits. The upper class are associated with high culture. For example, playing tennis, golf and polo. The working/under class are associated with popular culture. For example, football, snooker at the pub and watching soaps. 5. Holidays. The upper/middle class are associated with having holidays in 5 and 4 star villas, hotels with a scenic view and foreign countries such as New York, Rome and Cuba. The working class are associated with having 3 star holidays in Ireland, Majorca and Spain. The underclass are associated with having holidays in Skegness, Devon and Cornwall and Butlins. 6. Dress/style. The upper/working class are associated with designer suits and dresses, expensive watches and quality rather than quantity. The working class are associated with Debenhams, Topshop and Primark. The underclass are associated with Primark and quantity rather than quality. 7. Accent/speech. The upper/middle class are associated with full sentences, a high standard of English and a posh accent, for example pronouncing 'glass' as 'glaaas.' The working and underclass are associated with what?

The working and underclass are associated with: 1. No accent 2. Slang 3. Swearing

How is social class judged? Some of the things that are considered to judge an individual's social class include: 1. Money/income. 2. Possessions - Cars and gadgets. It can be argued that due to popular culture or the 'bulimic' society (Jock Young), people of lower classes are able to get the latest cars and gadgets through theft or second-hand. 3. Houses - The type, the size and the area. 4. Lifestyle, leisure, hobbies and television habits. The upper class are associated with high culture. For example, playing tennis, golf and polo. The working/under class are associated with popular culture. For example, football, snooker at the pub and watching soaps. 5. Holidays. The upper/middle class are associated with having holidays in 5 and 4 star villas, hotels with a scenic view and foreign countries such as New York, Rome and Cuba. The working class are associated with having 3 star holidays in Ireland, Majorca and Spain. The underclass are associated with having holidays in Skegness, Devon and Cornwall and Butlins. 6. Dress/style. The upper/working class are associated with designer suits and dresses, expensive watches and quality rather than quantity. The working class are associated with Debenhams, Topshop and Primark. The underclass are associated with Primark and quantity rather than quality. 7. Accent/speech. The upper/middle class are associated with full sentences, a high standard of English and a posh accent, for example pronouncing 'glass' as 'glaaas.' The working and underclass are associated with no accent, slang, for example what, and swearing?

The working and underclass are associated with: 1. No accent 2. Slang, for example 'innit' 3. Swearing

``` Occupation is a traditional way used to measure or assess social class. Social grade A: The upper middle class are what? ```

The upper middle class are: 1. Higher managerial, administrative or professional professions Or, 2. Doctors and lawyers

``` Occupation is a traditional way used to measure or assess social class. Social grade B: The middle class are what? ```

The middle class are: 1. Intermediate managerial, administrative or professional professions Or, 2. Managers and teachers

``` Occupation is a traditional way used to measure or assess social class. Social grade C1: The lower middle class are what? ```

The lower middle class are: 1. Non-manual workers 2. Office workers

``` Occupation is a traditional way used to measure or assess social class. Social grade C2: The skilled working class are what? ```

The skilled working class are: 1. Skilled manual workers 2. Plumbers 3. Electricians

``` Occupation is a traditional way used to measure or assess social class. Social grade D: The working class are what? ```

The working class are: 1. Semi-skilled and unskilled manual workers 2. Shop assistants 3. Farm and building site labourers

Occupation is a traditional way used to measure or assess social class. Social grade E: The unemployed/receiving benefits are what?

The unemployed/receiving benefits are: 1. Casual workers 2. Pensioners and others who depend on the state for their income

Occupation is a traditional way used to measure or assess social class. Social grade E: The unemployed/receiving benefits are casual workers and pensioners and others who depend on the state for their income. What are casual workers?

Casual workers are people who are not in regular employment

The main classes in the UK are traditionally identified as what?

The main classes in the UK are traditionally identified as the: 1. Upper class 2. Middle class 2. Working class

``` The main classes in the UK are traditionally identified as the upper class, the middle class and the working class. However, doing what is not easy and not everyone will do what? ```

Defining these 3 classes is not easy and not everyone will identify themselves as belonging to one of them

``` The main classes in the UK are traditionally identified as the upper class, the middle class and the working class. However, defining these 3 classes is not easy and not everyone will identify themselves as belonging to one of them. More recently, sociologists have done what? ```

More recently, sociologists have identified other groups

More recently, sociologists have identified other groups such as the: 1. Super-rich 2. Underclass

``` The upper class: Traditionally, the upper class are those with what? ```

Traditionally, the upper class are those with inherited wealth

``` The upper class: Traditionally, the upper class are those with inherited wealth, often in the form of what? ```

Traditionally, the upper class are those with inherited wealth, often in the form of land

``` The upper class: Traditionally, the upper class are those with inherited wealth, often in the form of land. Who (what year) have pointed out that a key feature of the upper class is their what? ```

Mackintosh and Mooney (2004) have pointed out that a key feature of the upper class is their invisibility

The upper class operate 'social closure'

The upper class operate 'social closure,' meaning that their: 1. Education 2. Leisure time 3. Daily lives are separated from and partially invisible to the rest of the population

The upper class operate 'social closure,' meaning that their: 1. Education (private and boarding schools) 2. Leisure time 3. Daily lives are separated from and partially invisible to the rest of the population

The upper class operate 'social closure,' meaning that their: 1. Education (private and boarding schools) 2. Leisure time (Being part of exclusive clubs and taking part in activities that are largely inaccessible/unknown to the majority) 3. Daily lives are separated from and partially invisible to the rest of the population

``` The upper class: Traditionally, the upper class are those with inherited wealth, often in the form of land. Mackintosh and Mooney (2004) have pointed out that a key feature of the upper class is their invisibility. The upper class operate 'social closure,' meaning that their education (private and boarding schools), leisure time (being part of exclusive clubs and taking part in activities that are largely inaccessible/unknown to the majority, such as what) and daily lives are separated from and partially invisible to the rest of the population? ```

The upper class operate 'social closure,' meaning that their: 1. Education (private and boarding schools) 2. Leisure time (Being part of exclusive clubs and taking part in activities that are largely inaccessible/unknown to the majority, such as opera, polo and hunting) 3. Daily lives are separated from and partially invisible to the rest of the population

The upper class: Traditionally, the upper class are those with inherited wealth, often in the form of land. Mackintosh and Mooney (2004) have pointed out that a key feature of the upper class is their invisibility. The upper class operate 'social closure,' meaning that their education (private and boarding schools), leisure time (being part of exclusive clubs and taking part in activities that are largely inaccessible/unknown to the majority, such as opera, polo and hunting) and daily lives are separated from and partially invisible to the rest of the population. The upper class create a boundary between other classes and exclude other classes. For example, they go to boarding schools, while the majority go to public, mainstream schools. However, it is argued that this group is what?

It is argued that this group is declining in: 1. Numbers 2. Power

It is argued that that: 1. This group is declining in numbers and power 2. The new 'super-rich,' based on achieved rather than ascribed (inherited) status, are now much more significant

It is argued that that: 1. This group is declining in numbers and power 2. The new 'super-rich,' based on achieved rather than ascribed (inherited) status (for example Lord Alan Sugar), are now much more significant

``` The middle class: The middle class are now seen as what by many? ```

The middle class are now seen as the majority of the population by many

``` The middle class: The middle class are now seen as the majority of the population by many. Who (a what) famously said what? ```

Tony Blair (a previous Labour Prime Minister) famously said, 'We are all middle class now'

``` Traditionally, the middle class is associated with those who have: 1. Professional Or, 2. Managerial careers ```

They are likely to: 1. Have been university-educated 2. Own their own homes

These features now apply to more and more of the population as: 1. Access to home ownership and university education has spread 2. More people are self-employed 3. There are fewer people working in manual jobs or trades

Because of this, the middle class is a very diverse group

Because of this, the middle class is a very diverse group, containing a wide variety of people with very different: 1. Incomes 2. Attitudes 3. Lifestyles

``` Fox (2004) discusses: 1. 'Upper middles' 2. 'Middle middles' 3. 'Lower middles' to highlight these differences within the middle class ```

The middle class: The middle class are now seen as the majority of the population by many. Tony Blair (a previous Labour Prime Minister) famously said, 'We are all middle class now.' Traditionally, the middle class is associated with those who have professional or managerial careers. They are likely to have been university-educated and to own their own homes. However, these features now apply to more and more of the population as access to home ownership and university education has spread, more people are self-employed and there are fewer people working in manual jobs or trades. Because of this, the middle class is a very diverse group, containing a wide variety of people with very different incomes, attitudes and lifestyles. Fox (2004) discusses 'upper middles', 'middle middles' and 'lower middles' to highlight these differences within the middle class. The middle class category has now become so broad, that it can be divided. There is also likely to be a big difference between what professionals?

There is also likely to be a big difference between: 1. Public sector professionals 2. Private sector professionals

There is also likely to be a big difference between: 1. Public sector professionals, such as teachers and nurses 2. Private sector professionals

There is also likely to be a big difference between: 1. Public sector professionals, such as teachers and nurses 2. Private sector professionals, such as lawyers and bankers

Therefore, it is unlikely that everyone who sees themselves as middle class shares a common identity

``` The middle class: The middle class are now seen as the majority of the population by many. Tony Blair (a previous Labour Prime Minister) famously said, 'We are all middle class now.' Traditionally, the middle class is associated with those who have professional or managerial careers. They are likely to have been university-educated and to own their own homes. However, these features now apply to more and more of the population as access to home ownership and university education has spread, more people are self-employed and there are fewer people working in manual jobs or trades. Because of this, the middle class is a very diverse group, containing a wide variety of people with very different incomes, attitudes and lifestyles. Fox (2004) discusses 'upper middles', 'middle middles' and 'lower middles' to highlight these differences within the middle class. The middle class category has now become so what, that it can be what? ```

The middle class category has now become so broad, that it can be divided

``` The working class: The working class used to form what? ```

The working class used to form the majority of the population

``` The working class: The working class used to form the majority of the population. Although it is shrinking, the working class was traditionally made up of what? ```

Although it is shrinking, the working class was traditionally made up of: 1. Manual workers 2. Those with trades

``` The working class: The working class used to form the majority of the population. Although it is shrinking, the working class was traditionally made up of manual workers and those with trades. However, who (what year) has argued that what has eroded working-class identity? ```

``` Hutton (1995) has argued that the: 1. Decline in trade union memberships and the manufacturing sector 2. Dispersal of working-class communities has eroded working-class identity ```

``` The working class: Unlike the underclass, the working class are often what? ```

Unlike the underclass, the working class are often romanticised

``` The working class: Unlike the underclass, the working class are often romanticised as a what identity? ```

``` Unlike the underclass, the working class are often romanticised as a: 1. Hard-working 2. Straight-talking 3. 'Salt-of-the-earth' identity ```

``` Unlike the underclass, the working class are often romanticised as a hard-working, straight-talking, 'salt-of-the-earth' identity, which many, who are clearly middle class in terms of: 1. Education 2. Career Or, 3. Income still clamour to claim as their identity ```

Skeggs (1997) studied working-class women

Skeggs (1997) studied working-class women who felt humiliated

Skeggs (1997) studied working-class women who felt humiliated by the ways in which others: 1. Judged 2. Dismissed them due to their working-class background

Skeggs (1997) studied working-class women who felt humiliated by the ways in which others, such as teachers and doctors: 1. Judged 2. Dismissed them due to their working-class background

``` The working class: Unlike the underclass, the working class are often romanticised as a hard-working, straight-talking, 'salt-of-the-earth' identity, which many, who are clearly middle class in terms of education, career or income, still clamour to claim as their identity. However, Skeggs (1997) studied working-class women who felt humiliated by the ways in which others, such as teachers and doctors, judged and dismissed them due to their working-class background. As a result, the women did what? ```

As a result, the women made a strenuous effort to show that they were 'respectable'

As a result, the women made a strenuous effort to show that they were 'respectable,' taking care in: 1. How they dressed ('Do I look common in this?') 2. Their leisure pursuits 3. Home decorations

As a result, the women made a strenuous effort to show that they were 'respectable,' taking care in: 1. How they dressed ('Do I look common in this?') 2. Their leisure pursuits 3. Home decorations to avoid this humiliation

``` The underclass: The underclass is a what term? ```

The underclass is a controversial term

``` The underclass: The underclass is a controversial term and it is unlikely that many would what? ```

The underclass is a controversial term and it is unlikely that many would consciously identify themselves as a member of the underclass

The term was originally used by sociologists from conflict perspectives

``` The underclass: The underclass is a controversial term and it is unlikely that many would consciously identify themselves as a member of the underclass. The term was originally used by sociologists from conflict perspectives who wanted to draw attention to what? ```

The term was originally used by sociologists from conflict perspectives who wanted to draw attention to the social exclusion experienced by those who were at the very bottom of society

The term was originally used by sociologists from conflict perspectives who wanted to draw attention to the social exclusion experienced by those who were at the very bottom of society and who lacked opportunities in terms of: 1. Education 2. Health 3. Earning potential

The term is now often used in a negative way

The term is now often used in a negative way to describe those who: 1. Rely on benefits 2. Are blamed for their own situation due to the choices they have made

The underclass: The underclass is a controversial term and it is unlikely that many would consciously identify themselves as a member of the underclass. The term was originally used by sociologists from conflict perspectives who wanted to draw attention to the social exclusion experienced by those who were at the very bottom of society and who lacked opportunities in terms of education, health and earning potential. However, the term is now often used in a negative way to describe those who rely on benefits and who are blamed for their own situation due to the choices they have made. The underclass is particularly associated with who (what year)

The underclass is particularly associated with Murray (1984)

The underclass is particularly associated with Murray (1984), who argues that over-generous benefits encourage some people to develop a dependency culture, or set of norms and values, in which they: 1. Do not take responsibility for their own actions 2. Have an expectation that they will be looked after by the state

Governments are unsurprisingly concerned about what?

Governments are unsurprisingly concerned about the underclass

Governments are unsurprisingly concerned about the underclass and have put policies in place such as what?

Governments: 1. Are unsurprisingly concerned about the underclass 2. Have put policies in place such as the raising of the school-leaving age

Governments are unsurprisingly concerned about the underclass and have put policies in place such as the raising of the school-leaving age, so more individuals what?

Governments are unsurprisingly concerned about the underclass and have put policies in place such as the raising of the school-leaving age, so more individuals: 1. Are skilled 2. Can work 3. Are not as dependent on the state

``` The underclass: The underclass are often portrayed how in the media? ```

The underclass are often portrayed in very negative ways in the media

``` The underclass: The underclass are often portrayed in very negative ways in the media through shows such as what? ```

The underclass are often portrayed in very negative ways in the media through shows such as: 1. The Jeremy Kyle Show 2. Shameless 3. Benefits Street

What such as who (what year) suggest that there has been a shift from what in the definition of identities?

Postmodernists such as Pakulski and Waters (1996) suggest that there has been a shift from production to consumption in the definition of identities

Postmodernists such as Pakulski and Waters (1996) suggest that there has been a shift from production to consumption in the definition of identities - We are now judged and defined by what, not what?

Postmodernists such as Pakulski and Waters (1996) suggest that there has been a shift from production to consumption in the definition of identities - We are now judged and defined by what we buy, not what we do, because of what?

``` Postmodernists such as Pakulski and Waters (1996) suggest that there has been a shift from production to consumption in the definition of identities - We are now judged and defined by what we: 1. Buy ,not 2. Do ,because of consumer culture ```

Niaomi Klein says that brands are no longer about: 1. Quality ,but more about 2. What it says about that individual

Who (what year) argues that in today's society, fewer and fewer individuals share what?

Offe (1985) argues that in today's society, fewer and fewer individuals share a common, unifying experience of full-time work

Offe (1985) argues that in today's society, fewer and fewer individuals share a common, unifying experience of full-time work - the experience that used to do what?

Offe (1985) argues that in today's society, fewer and fewer individuals share a common, unifying experience of full-time work - the experience that used to shape the culture of social classes

Offe (1985) argues that in today's society, fewer and fewer individuals share a common, unifying experience of full-time work - the experience that used to shape the culture of social classes. The days when people had a job for how long have gone?

The days when people had a job for life have gone

The days when people had a job for life have gone and we are all able to create our own identities regardless of the: 1. Social class of our families 2. Particular level of qualifications or job we may have at any one time

The contemporary UK gives what to everyone?

The contemporary UK gives: 1. Choices 2. Opportunities to everyone

The contemporary UK gives choices and opportunities to everyone, which may have been what in the past?

The contemporary UK gives: 1. Choices 2. Opportunities to everyone, which may have been limited to the privileged few in the past

The contemporary UK gives choices and opportunities to everyone, which may have been limited to the privileged few in the past, such as what?

The contemporary UK gives choices and opportunities to everyone, which may have been limited to the privileged few in the past, such as the possibility of: 1. Going to university 2. Travelling 3. Starting your own business 4. Owning your own home

The media also gives access to an endless range of: 1. Information 2. Cultural experiences

The contemporary UK gives choices and opportunities to everyone, which may have been limited to the privileged few in the past, such as the possibility of going to university, travelling, starting your own business and owning your own home. The media also gives access to an endless range of information and cultural experiences and has broken down what?

The media also: 1. Gives access to an endless range of information and cultural experiences 2. Has broken down many social and class-based barriers that may have existed even 30 years ago

Not everyone would agree that today's society is as class-free as it seems

Social class background remains the most significant indicator of outcomes

Social class background remains the most significant indicator of outcomes such as: 1. Education 2. Health 3. Life expectancy

``` The contemporary UK gives choices and opportunities to everyone, which may have been limited to the privileged few in the past, such as the possibility of going to university, travelling, starting your own business and owning your own home. The media also gives access to an endless range of information and cultural experiences and has broken down many social and class-based barriers that may have existed even 30 years ago. However, not everyone would agree that today's society is as class-free as it seems. Social class background remains the most significant indicator of outcomes such as education, health and life expectancy and there is still a lot of evidence suggesting a difference in what between people from different what backgrounds? ```

Social class background remains the most significant indicator of outcomes such as education, health and life expectancy and there is still a lot of evidence suggesting a difference in: 1. Culture 2. Lifestyle between people from different social and economic backgrounds

``` The contemporary UK gives choices and opportunities to everyone, which may have been limited to the privileged few in the past, such as the possibility of going to university, travelling, starting your own business and owning your own home. The media also gives access to an endless range of information and cultural experiences and has broken down many social and class-based barriers that may have existed even 30 years ago. However, not everyone would agree that today's society is as class-free as it seems. Social class background remains the most significant indicator of outcomes such as education, health and life expectancy and there is still a lot of evidence suggesting a difference in culture and lifestyle between people from different social and economic backgrounds. It is also important to recognise that the ability to do what depends on money? ```

It is also important to recognise that the ability to: 1. Make choices 2. Take opportunities depends on money

``` The contemporary UK gives choices and opportunities to everyone, which may have been limited to the privileged few in the past, such as the possibility of going to university, travelling, starting your own business and owning your own home. The media also gives access to an endless range of information and cultural experiences and has broken down many social and class-based barriers that may have existed even 30 years ago. However, not everyone would agree that today's society is as class-free as it seems. Social class background remains the most significant indicator of outcomes such as education, health and life expectancy and there is still a lot of evidence suggesting a difference in culture and lifestyle between people from different social and economic backgrounds. It is also important to recognise that the ability to make choices and take opportunities depends on money and some sections of the UK population what? ```

It is also important to recognise that the ability to make choices and take opportunities depends on money and some sections of the UK population: 1. Do not even have access to the internet 2. Are more concerned with struggling to feed their family

What classes engage in high culture?

The: 1. Upper class 2. Middle class engage in high culture

What classes engage in popular culture?

The: 1. Working class 2. Underclass engage in popular culture

Who (what year) found that 60% of their sample thought of themselves as what?

Marshall et al. (1988) found that 60% of their sample thought of themselves as belonging to a particular social class

Marshall et al. (1988) found that 60% of their sample thought of themselves as belonging to a particular social class. 90% could do what if prompted?

90% of their sample could place themselves in a class if prompted

``` Marshall et al. (1988) found that 60% of their sample thought of themselves as belonging to a particular social class. 90% could place themselves in a class if prompted. What did 75% agree? ```

75% agreed that: 1. People are born into a social class 2. It is difficult to move from one class to another

Who (what year) found that few of their sample thought Britain was a what society?

Savage et al. (2001) found that few of their sample thought Britain was a classless society

Savage et al. (2001) found that few of their sample thought Britain was a classless society. Most of them were well aware of what?

Most of them were well aware of the strong influence of class in the wider society

Most saw themselves as: 1. 'Outside' classes 2. Just 'ordinary' individuals

``` Savage et al. (2001) found that few of their sample thought Britain was a classless society. Most of them were well aware of the strong influence of class in the wider society. However, most saw themselves as 'outside' classes and just 'ordinary' individuals. Savage et al. described a what? ```

Savage et al. described a paradox

Savage et al. described a paradox - Class is an important structural force in people's lives, yet class identities are generally weak

The detailed study of what?

The detailed study of the: 1. Social Mobility 2. Child Poverty Commission 2014

The detailed study of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission 2014 found that those who had attended what schools?

The detailed study of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission 2014 found that those who had attended fee-paying schools

The detailed study of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission 2014 found that those who had attended fee-paying schools included what?

The detailed study of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission 2014 found that those who had attended fee-paying schools included: 1. 71% of senior judges 2. 62% of senior armed forces officers 3. 44% of the 'Sunday Times' Rich list 4. 50% of the House of Lords 5. 33% of MPs

``` Does class still matter? What would postmodernists say? ```

Postmodernists would say that: 1. Class does not matter 2. We can be whatever and whoever we want to be

The detailed study of the Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission 2014 found that those who had attended fee-paying schools included 71% of senior judges, 62% of senior armed forces officers, 44% of the 'Sunday Times' Rich list, 50% of the House of Lords and 33% of MPs. However, they make up what % of the UK what as a whole?

They make up just 7% of the UK population as a whole

Who speaks about speech codes?

Bernstein speaks about speech codes

Bernstein speaks about speech codes. | What speech codes are there?

There are: 1. Elaborate 2. Restricted speech codes

Bernstein speaks about speech codes. There are elaborate and restricted speech codes. Elaborate speech codes are mainly associated with who?

Elaborate speech codes are mainly associated with the upper class

Bernstein speaks about speech codes. There are elaborate and restricted speech codes. Elaborate speech codes are mainly associated with the upper class. Elaborate speech codes are what?

Elaborate speech codes are: 1. Respectful 2. Formal

Bernstein speaks about speech codes. There are elaborate and restricted speech codes. Restricted speech codes are mainly associated with who?

Restricted speech codes are mainly associated with the underclass

Bernstein speaks about speech codes. There are elaborate and restricted speech codes. Restricted speech codes are mainly associated with the underclass. Restricted speech codes are what and use what?

Restricted speech codes: 1. Are informal 2. Use colloquial language and slang

``` The upper class: Traditionally, the upper class are those with inherited wealth, often in the form of land. Mackintosh and Mooney (2004) have pointed out that a key feature of the upper class is their invisibility. The upper class operate 'social closure,' meaning that their education (private and boarding schools), leisure time (being part of exclusive clubs and taking part in activities that are largely inaccessible/unknown to the majority, such as opera, polo and hunting) and daily lives are separated from and partially invisible to the rest of the population. What do the upper class create between other classes? ```

The upper class create a boundary between other classes

``` The upper class: Traditionally, the upper class are those with inherited wealth, often in the form of land. Mackintosh and Mooney (2004) have pointed out that a key feature of the upper class is their invisibility. The upper class operate 'social closure,' meaning that their education (private and boarding schools), leisure time (being part of exclusive clubs and taking part in activities that are largely inaccessible/unknown to the majority, such as opera, polo and hunting) and daily lives are separated from and partially invisible to the rest of the population. The upper class create a boundary between other classes and exclude what? ```

The upper class: 1. Create a boundary between other classes 2. Exclude other classes

``` The upper class: Traditionally, the upper class are those with inherited wealth, often in the form of land. Mackintosh and Mooney (2004) have pointed out that a key feature of the upper class is their invisibility. The upper class operate 'social closure,' meaning that their education (private and boarding schools), leisure time (being part of exclusive clubs and taking part in activities that are largely inaccessible/unknown to the majority, such as opera, polo and hunting) and daily lives are separated from and partially invisible to the rest of the population. The upper class create a boundary between other classes and exclude other classes. Example ```

For example: 1. They go to boarding schools ,while 2. The majority go to public, mainstream schools