1.3: Nationality and identity Flashcards
1
Q
National identity is often considered in a wider context, as the identity of a whole country.
However, an individual also has a national identity that may affect what?
A
An individual also has a national identity that may affect how they see themselves
2
Q
National identity is often considered in a wider context, as the identity of a whole country.
However, an individual also has a national identity that may affect how they see themselves.
National identity is often expressed through what?
A
National identity is often expressed through:
1. Supporting your national team in sport
,but also through
2. Pride in the national anthem and flag
3. Language
3
Q
Who argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community?’
A
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community’
4
Q
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that what?
A
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members
5
Q
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is what?
A
Anderson (1983) argues that:
- A ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members
- So a national identity is socially constructed
6
Q
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through what?
A
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through:
- Symbols
- Rituals
7
Q
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through symbols, such as what, and rituals?
A
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through:
- Symbols, such as the flag and the national anthem
- Rituals
8
Q
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through symbols, such as the flag and the national anthem, and rituals, such as what?
A
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through:
- Symbols, such as the flag and the national anthem
- Rituals, such as national holidays and festivals
9
Q
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through symbols and rituals.
Anderson argues that the social construction of national identities was facilitated by what?
A
Anderson argues that the social construction of national identities was facilitated by developments in printing technology
10
Q
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through symbols and rituals.
Anderson argues that the social construction of national identities was facilitated by developments in printing technology, leading to what?
A
Anderson argues that the social construction of national identities was facilitated by developments in printing technology, leading to the mass circulation of:
- Newspapers
- Books
11
Q
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through symbols and rituals.
Anderson argues that the social construction of national identities was facilitated by developments in printing technology, leading to the mass circulation of newspapers and books, which created what?
A
Anderson argues that the social construction of national identities was facilitated by developments in printing technology, leading to the mass circulation of:
1. Newspapers
2. Books
,which created a ‘national’ language
12
Q
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through symbols and rituals.
Anderson argues that the social construction of national identities was facilitated by developments in printing technology, leading to the mass circulation of newspapers and books, which created a ‘national’ language.
Contemporary examples of this can be seen where?
A
Contemporary examples of this can be seen in:
1. Media coverage of international sporting events
,but also
2. Conflicts and disasters
13
Q
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through symbols and rituals.
Anderson argues that the social construction of national identities was facilitated by developments in printing technology, leading to the mass circulation of newspapers and books, which created a ‘national’ language.
Contemporary examples of this can be seen in media coverage of international sporting events, but also in conflicts and disasters, where what?
A
Contemporary examples of this can be seen in:
1. Media coverage of international sporting events
,but also
2. Conflicts and disasters, where the fate of British people involved is given a higher status than that of others
14
Q
Anderson (1983) argues that a ‘nation’ is an ‘imagined community,’ in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through symbols and rituals.
Anderson argues that the social construction of national identities was facilitated by developments in printing technology, leading to the mass circulation of newspapers and books, which created a ‘national’ language.
Contemporary examples of this can be seen in media coverage of international sporting events, but also in conflicts and disasters, where the fate of British people involved is given a higher status than that of others and we are encouraged to get behind what?
A
Contemporary examples of this can be seen in media coverage of international sporting events, but also in conflicts and disasters, where:
- The fate of British people involved is given a higher status than that of others
- We are encouraged to get behind our nation’s interests
15
Q
National identity for British people is often quite confused.
English and British are sometimes seen as synonymous, but for someone who is Welsh, Scottish or Northern Irish, there is a clear distinction.
This could be because what?
A
This could be because: 1. Wales 2. Scotland 3. Northern Ireland have historically been in a position of subordination to England
16
Q
National identity for British people is often quite confused.
English and British are sometimes seen as synonymous, but for someone who is Welsh, Scottish or Northern Irish, there is a clear distinction.
This could be because Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have historically been in a position of subordination to England, leading the people in these countries to seek to do what?
A
This could be because Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have historically been in a position of subordination to England, leading the people in these countries to seek to:
- Distinguish themselves from the dominant English identity
- Assert their differences
17
Q
National identity for British people is often quite confused.
English and British are sometimes seen as synonymous, but for someone who is Welsh, Scottish or Northern Irish, there is a clear distinction.
This could be because Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland have historically been in a position of subordination to England, leading the people in these countries to seek to distinguish themselves from the dominant English identity and assert their differences.
The distinction may have seemed less important for English people, as part of what?
A
The distinction may have seemed less important for English people, as part of the majority nation within Britain
18
Q
Who as discussed the fact that, unlike the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish, the English find it difficult to do what?
A
Kumar (2003) has discussed the fact that, unlike the:
1. Scots
2. Welsh
3. Irish
,the English find it difficult to say who they are
19
Q
Kumar (2003) has discussed the fact that, unlike the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish, the English find it difficult to say who they are and that English national identity is what?
A
Kumar (2003) has discussed the fact that:
- Unlike the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish, the English find it difficult to say who they are
- English national identity is elusive
20
Q
Kumar (2003) has discussed the fact that, unlike the Scots, the Welsh and the Irish, the English find it difficult to say who they are and that English national identity is elusive.
Kumar argues that the quest to expand ‘Britishness’ may have done what?
A
Kumar argues that the quest to expand ‘Britishness’ may have diluted ‘Englishness’
21
Q
Nationality
A
Nationality is a formal, legal category that derives from people belonging to a specific ‘nation state’
22
Q
Nationality is a formal, legal category that derives from people belonging to a specific ‘nation state.’
Nationality is usually accompanied by what?
A
Nationality is usually accompanied by legal rights
23
Q
Nationality is a formal, legal category that derives from people belonging to a specific ‘nation state.’
Nationality is usually accompanied by legal rights such as what?
A
Nationality is usually accompanied by legal rights such as being able to:
- Carry a passport
- Legally marry
- Vote at a particular age
24
Q
Nationality is a formal, legal category that derives from people belonging to a specific ‘nation state.’
Nationality is usually accompanied by legal rights such as being able to carry a passport, legally marry and vote at a particular age.
Nationality also involves what?
A
Nationality also involves certain duties
25
Nationality is a formal, legal category that derives from people belonging to a specific 'nation state.'
Nationality is usually accompanied by legal rights such as being able to carry a passport, legally marry and vote at a particular age.
Nationality also involves certain duties such as what?
Nationality also involves certain duties such as obeying the law of the land
26
Who (what year) suggests that the world is in the middle of what?
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis
27
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many what have broken down?
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides have broken down
28
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides, such as what, have broken down?
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides, such as:
1. East VS West
2. Capitalists VS Communists
,have broken down
29
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides, such as East VS West and Capitalists VS Communists, by which we had what, have broken down?
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides, such as:
1. East VS West
2. Capitalists VS Communists
,by which we had defined ourselves, have broken down
30
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides, such as East VS West and Capitalists VS Communists, by which we had defined ourselves, have broken down.
Britain, having lost what and feeling how, is unsure of what?
Britain:
1. Having lost its empire
2. Feeling very small in a global world
,is unsure about whether it should become more American or more European
31
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides, such as East VS West and Capitalists VS Communists, by which we had defined ourselves, have broken down.
Britain, having lost its empire and feeling very small in a global world, is unsure about whether it should become more American or more European.
'Englishness' was based on what?
'Englishness' was based on historical traditions that are meaningless to the vast majority living there today
32
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides, such as East VS West and Capitalists VS Communists, by which we had defined ourselves, have broken down.
Britain, having lost its empire and feeling very small in a global world, is unsure about whether it should become more American or more European.
'Englishness' was based on historical traditions that are meaningless to the vast majority living there today, so there is a struggle to do what?
'Englishness' was based on historical traditions that are meaningless to the vast majority living there today, so there is a struggle to find an 'English' identity
33
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides, such as East VS West and Capitalists VS Communists, by which we had defined ourselves, have broken down.
Britain, having lost its empire and feeling very small in a global world, is unsure about whether it should become more American or more European.
'Englishness' was based on historical traditions that are meaningless to the vast majority living there today, so there is a struggle to find an 'English' identity.
Sardar argues that to develop a more what identity, we must do what?
Sardar argues that to develop a more confident identity, we must:
1. Embrace diversity
,but also
2. Focus on what makes us the same - our common humanity
34
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides, such as East VS West and Capitalists VS Communists, by which we had defined ourselves, have broken down.
Britain, having lost its empire and feeling very small in a global world, is unsure about whether it should become more American or more European.
'Englishness' was based on historical traditions that are meaningless to the vast majority living there today, so there is a struggle to find an 'English' identity.
Sardar argues that to develop a more confident identity, we must embrace diversity, but also focus on what makes us the same - our common humanity.
However, in more recent times, in the face of what, English national identity appears to have what?
```
In more recent times, in the face of:
1. Devolution
2. Economic crises
3. Increasing immigration
,English national identity appears to have strengthened
```
35
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides, such as East VS West and Capitalists VS Communists, by which we had defined ourselves, have broken down.
Britain, having lost its empire and feeling very small in a global world, is unsure about whether it should become more American or more European.
'Englishness' was based on historical traditions that are meaningless to the vast majority living there today, so there is a struggle to find an 'English' identity.
Sardar argues that to develop a more confident identity, we must embrace diversity, but also focus on what makes us the same - our common humanity.
However, in more recent times, in the face of devolution, economic crises and increasing immigration, English national identity appears to have strengthened.
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is what?
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of:
1. Conflict
Or,
2. Oppression
36
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides, such as East VS West and Capitalists VS Communists, by which we had defined ourselves, have broken down.
Britain, having lost its empire and feeling very small in a global world, is unsure about whether it should become more American or more European.
'Englishness' was based on historical traditions that are meaningless to the vast majority living there today, so there is a struggle to find an 'English' identity.
Sardar argues that to develop a more confident identity, we must embrace diversity, but also focus on what makes us the same - our common humanity.
However, in more recent times, in the face of devolution, economic crises and increasing immigration, English national identity appears to have strengthened.
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Some would argue that this new English identity is what?
Some would argue that this new English identity is:
1. Negative
2. Exclusive
37
Sardar (2002) suggests that the world is in the middle of a global identity crisis, in which many of the old divides, such as East VS West and Capitalists VS Communists, by which we had defined ourselves, have broken down.
Britain, having lost its empire and feeling very small in a global world, is unsure about whether it should become more American or more European.
'Englishness' was based on historical traditions that are meaningless to the vast majority living there today, so there is a struggle to find an 'English' identity.
Sardar argues that to develop a more confident identity, we must embrace diversity, but also focus on what makes us the same - our common humanity.
However, in more recent times, in the face of devolution, economic crises and increasing immigration, English national identity appears to have strengthened.
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Some would argue that this new English identity is negative and exclusive, with what?
Some would argue that this new English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growth in popularity of groups such as the English Defence League (EDL)
38
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Some would argue that this new English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growth in popularity of groups such as the English Defence League (EDL).
The broadcaster and writer who argued in his what?
The:
1. Broadcaster
2. Writer
Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000)
39
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Some would argue that this new English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growth in popularity of groups such as the English Defence League (EDL).
The broadcaster and writer Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000) that, as someone who grew up where as part of what, he can comfortably see himself as what?
The broadcaster and writer Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000) that, as someone who grew up in the Caribbean as part of the British Empire, he can comfortably see himself as:
1. Black
2. British
40
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Some would argue that this new English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growth in popularity of groups such as the English Defence League (EDL).
The broadcaster and writer Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000) that, as someone who grew up in the Caribbean as part of the British Empire, he can comfortably see himself as Black and British, but that a growth of English nationalism seems what?
The broadcaster and writer Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000) that, as someone who grew up in the Caribbean as part of the British Empire, he can comfortably see himself as Black and British, but that a growth of English nationalism seems:
1. Much more exclusive
2. 'White'
41
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Some would argue that this new English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growth in popularity of groups such as the English Defence League (EDL).
The broadcaster and writer Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000) that, as someone who grew up in the Caribbean as part of the British Empire, he can comfortably see himself as Black and British, but that a growth of English nationalism seems much more exclusive and 'white,' leading him to question what?
The broadcaster and writer Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000) that, as someone who grew up in the Caribbean as part of the British Empire, he can comfortably see himself as Black and British, but that a growth of English nationalism seems:
1. Much more exclusive
2. 'White'
,leading him to question where he would fit in a new nationalistic England
42
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Some would argue that this new English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growth in popularity of groups such as the English Defence League (EDL).
The broadcaster and writer Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000) that, as someone who grew up in the Caribbean as part of the British Empire, he can comfortably see himself as Black and British, but that a growth of English nationalism seems much more exclusive and 'white,' leading him to question where he would fit in a new nationalistic England.
However, others would argue that national identity will become what?
Others would argue that national identity will become less and less significant in today's globalised society
43
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Some would argue that this new English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growth in popularity of groups such as the English Defence League (EDL).
The broadcaster and writer Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000) that, as someone who grew up in the Caribbean as part of the British Empire, he can comfortably see himself as Black and British, but that a growth of English nationalism seems much more exclusive and 'white,' leading him to question where he would fit in a new nationalistic England.
However, others would argue that national identity will become less and less significant in today's globalised society, where the world is becoming what?
Others would argue that national identity will become less and less significant in today's globalised society, where the world is becoming:
1. More interconnected
2. A 'global village' (smaller)
44
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Some would argue that this new English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growth in popularity of groups such as the English Defence League (EDL).
The broadcaster and writer Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000) that, as someone who grew up in the Caribbean as part of the British Empire, he can comfortably see himself as Black and British, but that a growth of English nationalism seems much more exclusive and 'white,' leading him to question where he would fit in a new nationalistic England.
However, others would argue that national identity will become less and less significant in today's globalised society, where the world is becoming more interconnected and a 'global village' (smaller), as proposed by who?
Others would argue that national identity will become less and less significant in today's globalised society, where the world is becoming:
1. More interconnected
2. A 'global village' (smaller), as proposed by McLuhan
45
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Some would argue that this new English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growth in popularity of groups such as the English Defence League (EDL).
The broadcaster and writer Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000) that, as someone who grew up in the Caribbean as part of the British Empire, he can comfortably see himself as Black and British, but that a growth of English nationalism seems much more exclusive and 'white,' leading him to question where he would fit in a new nationalistic England.
However, others would argue that national identity will become less and less significant in today's globalised society, where the world is becoming more interconnected and a 'global village' (smaller), as proposed by McLuhan, due to what?
Others would argue that national identity will become less and less significant in today's globalised society, where the world is becoming:
1. More interconnected
2. A 'global village' (smaller), as proposed by McLuhan
,due to the consumption of goods
46
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Some would argue that this new English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growth in popularity of groups such as the English Defence League (EDL).
The broadcaster and writer Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000) that, as someone who grew up in the Caribbean as part of the British Empire, he can comfortably see himself as Black and British, but that a growth of English nationalism seems much more exclusive and 'white,' leading him to question where he would fit in a new nationalistic England.
However, others would argue that national identity will become less and less significant in today's globalised society, where the world is becoming more interconnected and a 'global village' (smaller), as proposed by McLuhan, due to the consumption of goods.
Young people are arguably what?
Young people are arguably 'citizens of the world'
47
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Some would argue that this new English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growth in popularity of groups such as the English Defence League (EDL).
The broadcaster and writer Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000) that, as someone who grew up in the Caribbean as part of the British Empire, he can comfortably see himself as Black and British, but that a growth of English nationalism seems much more exclusive and 'white,' leading him to question where he would fit in a new nationalistic England.
However, others would argue that national identity will become less and less significant in today's globalised society, where the world is becoming more interconnected and a 'global village' (smaller), as proposed by McLuhan, due to the consumption of goods.
Young people are arguably 'citizens of the world' and what are less significant?
Young people are arguably 'citizens of the world' and national:
1. Boundaries
2. Cultures
are less significant
48
As we have previously seen with ethnicity, any aspect of identity becomes more significant to an individual if it is a perceived source of conflict or oppression.
Some would argue that this new English identity is negative and exclusive, with the growth in popularity of groups such as the English Defence League (EDL).
The broadcaster and writer Darcus Howe argued in his Channel 4 documentary series 'White Tribe' (2000) that, as someone who grew up in the Caribbean as part of the British Empire, he can comfortably see himself as Black and British, but that a growth of English nationalism seems much more exclusive and 'white,' leading him to question where he would fit in a new nationalistic England.
However, others would argue that national identity will become less and less significant in today's globalised society, where the world is becoming more interconnected and a 'global village' (smaller), as proposed by McLuhan, due to the consumption of goods.
Young people are arguably 'citizens of the world' and national boundaries and cultures are less significant.
What help break these boundaries down and help to create a culture that is what?
1. The internet
2. Social media
3. The media overall
help break these boundaries down and help to create a culture that is accessible to everyone as popular/global culture
49
Who (what year) suggested that countries may display 3 what?
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation
50
```
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept what?
```
Countries may accept a global culture
51
```
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become what?
```
Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar
52
```
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as what?
```
Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as 'cultural homogenisation'
53
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as 'cultural homogenisation.'
2. Countries may take in what?
Countries may take in:
1. Some parts of global culture
Alongside
2. Their more traditional culture
54
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as 'cultural homogenisation.'
2. Countries may take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a what culture?
```
Countries may take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a:
1. New
but still
2. Individual
culture
```
55
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as 'cultural homogenisation.'
2. Countries may take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a new, but still individual culture, which Hall called what?
Countries may take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a:
1. New
but still
2. Individual
culture, which Hall called 'cultural hybridity'
56
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as 'cultural homogenisation.'
2. Countries may take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a new, but still individual culture, which Hall called 'cultural hybridity.'
3. Countries may resist what?
Countries may resist global culture
57
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as 'cultural homogenisation.'
2. Countries may take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a new, but still individual culture, which Hall called 'cultural hybridity.'
3. Countries may resist global culture and fiercely do what?
Countries may:
1. Resist global culture
2. Fiercely protect their cultural heritage
58
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as 'cultural homogenisation.'
2. Countries may take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a new, but still individual culture, which Hall called 'cultural hybridity.'
3. Countries may resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage, becoming what?
Countries may resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage, becoming more:
1. Traditional
2. Nationalistic
59
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as 'cultural homogenisation.'
2. Countries may take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a new, but still individual culture, which Hall called 'cultural hybridity.'
3. Countries may resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage, becoming more traditional and nationalistic, which Hall called what?
Countries may resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage, becoming more:
1. Traditional
2. Nationalistic
,which Hall called 'cultural resistance'
60
```
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as 'cultural homogenisation.'
2. Countries may take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a new, but still individual culture, which Hall called 'cultural hybridity.'
3. Countries may resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage, becoming more traditional and nationalistic, which Hall called 'cultural resistance.'
Arguably, there is evidence that what?
```
Arguably, there is evidence that all 3 of these responses are happening in:
1. Different countries around the world
2. The UK
61
What does Professor Halsey (what year) a leading what, say?
Professor Halsey (2000), a leading social scientist, says that our lives are becoming hopelessly Americanised
62
```
Professor Halsey (2000), a leading social scientist, says that our lives are becoming hopelessly Americanised.
What mean that it is increasingly difficult to pinpoint Britishness, according to Halsey?
```
1. Growing international homogeneity
2. The dominance of American culture
mean that it is increasingly difficult to pinpoint Britishness, according to Halsey
63
```
Professor Halsey (2000), a leading social scientist, says that our lives are becoming hopelessly Americanised.
Growing international homogeneity and the dominance of American culture mean that it is increasingly difficult to pinpoint Britishness, according to Halsey.
Halsey suggests that Britain has lost the what it had when he was a child?
```
Halsey suggests that Britain has lost the distinctiveness it had when he was a child
64
```
Professor Halsey (2000), a leading social scientist, says that our lives are becoming hopelessly Americanised.
Growing international homogeneity and the dominance of American culture mean that it is increasingly difficult to pinpoint Britishness, according to Halsey.
Halsey suggests that Britain has lost the distinctiveness it had when he was a child and that our lives are becoming Americanised to the point that what?
```
Halsey suggests that:
1. Britain has lost the distinctiveness it had when he was a child
2. Our lives are becoming Americanised to the point that life in Britain can no longer be said to be uniquely British
65
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as 'cultural homogenisation.'
2. Countries may take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a new, but still individual culture, which Hall called 'cultural hybridity.'
3. Countries may resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage, becoming more traditional and nationalistic, which Hall called 'cultural resistance.'
Arguably, there is evidence that all 3 of these responses are happening in different countries around the world and in the UK.
What is an example of cultural homogenisation?
An example of cultural homogenisation is England
66
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as 'cultural homogenisation.'
2. Countries may take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a new, but still individual culture, which Hall called 'cultural hybridity.'
3. Countries may resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage, becoming more traditional and nationalistic, which Hall called 'cultural resistance.'
Arguably, there is evidence that all 3 of these responses are happening in different countries around the world and in the UK.
What is an example of cultural hybridity?
An example of cultural hybridity is England
67
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as 'cultural homogenisation.'
2. Countries may take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a new, but still individual culture, which Hall called 'cultural hybridity.'
3. Countries may resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage, becoming more traditional and nationalistic, which Hall called 'cultural resistance.'
Arguably, there is evidence that all 3 of these responses are happening in different countries around the world and in the UK.
An example of cultural hybridity is England, as what?
An example of cultural hybridity is England, as:
1. 'Brasians'
Or,
2. 'Blasians'
68
Stuart Hall (1991) suggested that countries may display 3 different reactions to globalisation.
1. Countries may accept a global culture and all countries will become more similar, which Hall referred to as 'cultural homogenisation.'
2. Countries may take in some parts of global culture alongside their more traditional culture and develop a new, but still individual culture, which Hall called 'cultural hybridity.'
3. Countries may resist global culture and fiercely protect their cultural heritage, becoming more traditional and nationalistic, which Hall called 'cultural resistance.'
Arguably, there is evidence that all 3 of these responses are happening in different countries around the world and in the UK.
What is an example of cultural resistance?
An example of cultural resistance is North Korea
69
Nationalism
Nationalism is a strong emotional identification with a nation
70
Nationalism is a strong emotional identification with a nation, giving what?
Nationalism is a strong emotional identification with a nation, giving a sense of belonging
71
Nationalism is a strong emotional identification with a nation, giving a sense of belonging.
Nationalism is often in evidence where?
Nationalism is often in evidence in sporting events
72
Nationalism is a strong emotional identification with a nation, giving a sense of belonging.
Nationalism is often in evidence in sporting events, but can also be the cause of what?
Nationalism:
1. Is often in evidence in sporting events
,but
2. Can also be the cause of wars
73
Nationalism is a strong emotional identification with a nation, giving a sense of belonging.
Nationalism is often in evidence in sporting events, but can also be the cause of wars.
Nationalism is a political what?
Nationalism is a political doctrine
74
Nationalism is a strong emotional identification with a nation, giving a sense of belonging.
Nationalism is often in evidence in sporting events, but can also be the cause of wars.
Nationalism is a political doctrine that claims the right of what?
Nationalism is a political doctrine that claims the right of every nation to have:
1. Its own historical homeland
2. An independent state to run its own affairs
75
Nationalism is a strong emotional identification with a nation, giving a sense of belonging.
The sense of belonging is strengthened by what?
```
The sense of belonging is strengthened by:
1. National flags
2. National anthems
3. Styles of dress and uniforms
4. Monuments
5. Special occasions
ect
```
76
Nationalism is a strong emotional identification with a nation, giving a sense of belonging.
The sense of belonging is strengthened by national flags, national anthems, styles of dress and uniforms, monuments, special occasions, ect.
These are what that create a sense of belonging among people who do not what?
These are national symbols that create a sense of belonging among people who do not know each other
77
Nationalism is a strong emotional identification with a nation, giving a sense of belonging.
The sense of belonging is strengthened by national flags, national anthems, styles of dress and uniforms, monuments, special occasions, ect.
These are national symbols that create a sense of belonging among people who do not know each other.
Nationalism is also part of 'everyday' what?
Nationalism is also part of 'everyday':
1. Life
2. Outlook
78
Nationalism is a strong emotional identification with a nation, giving a sense of belonging.
The sense of belonging is strengthened by national flags, national anthems, styles of dress and uniforms, monuments, special occasions, ect.
These are national symbols that create a sense of belonging among people who do not know each other.
Nationalism is also part of 'everyday' life and outlook by doing what?
Nationalism is also part of 'everyday' life and outlook by:
1. Supporting England in the World Cup or the Olympics
2. Playing the national anthem at important events
3. Being encouraged to 'buy British'
79
In today's world, nationalism has gained a what reputation?
In today's world, nationalism has gained a rather nasty reputation
80
In today's world, nationalism has gained a rather nasty reputation and has negative connotations, because it can be what?
In today's world, nationalism has gained a rather nasty reputation, because it can be a diverse force that pitches nations against each other (it can be divisive)
81
In today's world, nationalism has gained a rather nasty reputation and has what connotations?
In today's world, nationalism has:
1. Gained a rather nasty reputation
2. Negative connotations
82
In today's world, nationalism has gained a rather nasty reputation and has negative connotations.
In today's world, nationalism has gained a rather nasty reputation, because it can be a diverse force that pitches nations against each other (it can be divisive), leading to what?
In today's world, nationalism has gained a rather nasty reputation, because it can be a diverse force that pitches nations against each other (it can be divisive), leading to:
1. Conflict
2. Violence
83
In today's world, nationalism has gained a rather nasty reputation and has negative connotations.
In today's world, nationalism has gained a rather nasty reputation, because it can be a diverse force that pitches nations against each other (it can be divisive), leading to conflict and violence, for example what?
In today's world, nationalism has gained a rather nasty reputation, because it can be a diverse force that pitches nations against each other (it can be divisive), leading to conflict and violence, for example:
1. Israel and Palestine
2. Northern Ireland
3. The Kurds in Iraq and Turkey
84
Nationalism often inspires what emotion?
Nationalism often inspires powerful emotion
85
Nationalism often inspires powerful emotion, since nationalism can be expressed as what?
Nationalism often inspires powerful emotion, since nationalism can be expressed as:
1. Xenophobia
2. Violence
86
Xenophobia
Xenophobia is the:
1. Fear of
2. Prejudice against
foreigners
87
Nationalism often inspires powerful emotion, since nationalism can be expressed as xenophobia and violence.
Good examples of this can be seen where?
Good examples of this can be seen in football hooliganism
88
Nationalism often inspires powerful emotion, since nationalism can be expressed as xenophobia and violence.
Good examples of this can be seen in football hooliganism perpetrated by what?
Good examples of this can be seen in football hooliganism perpetrated by English fans abroad
89
Nationalism often inspires powerful emotion, since nationalism can be expressed as xenophobia and violence.
Good examples of this can be seen in football hooliganism perpetrated by English fans abroad and also in what?
Good examples of this can be seen in football hooliganism perpetrated by English fans abroad and also in the creation of nationalist political parties such as:
1. The British National Party (BNP)
2. UKIP (UK Independence Party)
90
Nationalism often inspires powerful emotion, since nationalism can be expressed as xenophobia and violence.
Good examples of this can be seen in football hooliganism perpetrated by English fans abroad and also in the creation of nationalist political parties such as the British National Party (BNP) and UKIP (UK Independence Party), both of which want to do what?
Good examples of this can be seen in football hooliganism perpetrated by English fans abroad and also in the creation of nationalist political parties such as:
1. The British National Party (BNP)
2. UKIP (UK Independence Party)
,both of which want to severely limit immigration into the UK
91
Nationalism often inspires powerful emotion, since nationalism can be expressed as xenophobia and violence.
Good examples of this can be seen in football hooliganism perpetrated by English fans abroad and also in the creation of nationalist political parties such as the British National Party (BNP) and UKIP (UK Independence Party), both of which want to severely limit immigration into the UK, and more recently, what?
Good examples of this can be seen:
1. In football hooliganism perpetrated by English fans abroad
2. Also in the creation of nationalist political parties such as the British National Party (BNP) and UKIP (UK Independence Party), both of which want to severely limit immigration into the UK
3. More recently, the referendum for Scottish independence
92
Xenophobia is the fear of or prejudice against foreigners.
| Example
For example, Brexit, because so many people said that they voted to leave the EU, because they 'didn't want foreigners'
93
Who (what year) came up with the concept of what?
Billig (1995) came up with the concept of 'banal nationalism'
94
Billig (1995) came up with the concept of 'banal nationalism'
What is 'banal nationalism'?
'Banal nationalism' is a set of taken-for-granted assumptions about:
1. Culture
2. Values
3. Norms
4. Behaviour
95
Billig (1995) came up with the concept of 'banal nationalism'
'Banal nationalism' is a set of taken-for-granted assumptions about culture, values, norms and behaviour.
Example
For example:
1. Nations should be independent
2. That loyalty to the nation is a good thing
96
Billig (1995) came up with the concept of 'banal nationalism'
'Banal nationalism' is a set of taken-for-granted assumptions about culture, values, norms and behaviour.
For example, nations should be independent and that loyalty to the nation is a good thing.
People are constantly reminded of what how?
People are constantly reminded of their national identity in lots of subtle ways
97
Billig (1995) came up with the concept of 'banal nationalism'
'Banal nationalism' is a set of taken-for-granted assumptions about culture, values, norms and behaviour.
For example, nations should be independent and that loyalty to the nation is a good thing.
People are constantly reminded of their national identity in lots of subtle ways.
Billig lists examples such as what?
Billig lists examples such as:
1. Weather reports
2. Sports coverage
98
Billig (1995) came up with the concept of 'banal nationalism'
'Banal nationalism' is a set of taken-for-granted assumptions about culture, values, norms and behaviour.
For example, nations should be independent and that loyalty to the nation is a good thing.
People are constantly reminded of their national identity in lots of subtle ways.
Billig lists examples such as weather reports (focusing on what) and sports coverage (the nation doing what)?
Billig lists examples such as:
1. Weather reports (Focusing on the nation's weather)
2. Sports coverage (the nation competing against each other)
99
Billig (1995) came up with the concept of 'banal nationalism'
'Banal nationalism' is a set of taken-for-granted assumptions about culture, values, norms and behaviour.
For example, nations should be independent and that loyalty to the nation is a good thing.
People are constantly reminded of their national identity in lots of subtle ways.
Billig lists examples such as weather reports (focusing on the nation's weather) and sports coverage (the nation competing against each other).
Constant reminders include what?
Constant reminders include:
1. Sport
2. Weather
3. Flags
4. Money
100
Billig (1995) came up with the concept of 'banal nationalism'
'Banal nationalism' is a set of taken-for-granted assumptions about culture, values, norms and behaviour.
For example, nations should be independent and that loyalty to the nation is a good thing.
People are constantly reminded of their national identity in lots of subtle ways.
Billig lists examples such as weather reports (focusing on the nation's weather) and sports coverage (the nation competing against each other).
Constant reminders include sport, weather, flags and money, for example the controversy over what?
Constant reminders include:
1. Sport
2. Weather
3. Flags
4. Money, for example the controversy over joining the Euro
101
Anderson (1983) argues that a 'nation' is an 'imagined community,' in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through symbols and rituals.
Anderson argues that the social construction of national identities was facilitated by developments in printing technology, leading to the mass circulation of newspapers and books, which created a 'national' language.
Contemporary examples of this can be seen in media coverage of international sporting events, but also in conflicts and disasters, where the fate of British people involved is given a higher status than that of others and we are encouraged to get behind our nation's interests.
What viewpoint is Anderson's 'imagined community?'
Anderson's 'imagined community' is a Marxist viewpoint
102
Anderson (1983) argues that a 'nation' is an 'imagined community,' in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through symbols and rituals.
Anderson argues that the social construction of national identities was facilitated by developments in printing technology, leading to the mass circulation of newspapers and books, which created a 'national' language.
Contemporary examples of this can be seen in media coverage of international sporting events, but also in conflicts and disasters, where the fate of British people involved is given a higher status than that of others and we are encouraged to get behind our nation's interests.
Anderson's 'imagined community' is a Marxist viewpoint.
What is this 'imagined community'?
This 'imagined community' is that we are socialised into a false belief in a common shared past
103
Anderson (1983) argues that a 'nation' is an 'imagined community,' in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through symbols and rituals.
Anderson argues that the social construction of national identities was facilitated by developments in printing technology, leading to the mass circulation of newspapers and books, which created a 'national' language.
Contemporary examples of this can be seen in media coverage of international sporting events, but also in conflicts and disasters, where the fate of British people involved is given a higher status than that of others and we are encouraged to get behind our nation's interests.
Anderson's 'imagined community' is a Marxist viewpoint.
This 'imagined community' is that we are socialised into a false belief in a common shared past.
This view is supported by what?
This view is supported by the fact that many things that we see as national symbols were in fact manufactured
104
Anderson (1983) argues that a 'nation' is an 'imagined community,' in that members of a nation will never meet most of their fellow members and so a national identity is socially constructed through symbols and rituals.
Anderson argues that the social construction of national identities was facilitated by developments in printing technology, leading to the mass circulation of newspapers and books, which created a 'national' language.
Contemporary examples of this can be seen in media coverage of international sporting events, but also in conflicts and disasters, where the fate of British people involved is given a higher status than that of others and we are encouraged to get behind our nation's interests.
Anderson's 'imagined community' is a Marxist viewpoint.
This 'imagined community' is that we are socialised into a false belief in a common shared past.
This view is supported by the fact that many things that we see as national symbols were in fact manufactured.
Example
For example:
1. Scottish clan tartans
2. The 'Trooping of the Colour'
were both invented by the Victorians to promote national pride
105
Who (what year) found that the majority of who expressed what?
```
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of:
1. English
2. Scottish
3. Welsh
people expressed national sentiments
```
106
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of what?
Often this was in the form of pride in:
1. Heritage
2. Institutions
107
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were what?
Often this was in the form of pride in:
1. Heritage
2. Institutions
,however, some were unmotivated by national pride
108
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found what in Britain?
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain:
1. Inclusive nationalism
2. Exclusive nationalism
109
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain - Inclusive nationalism and exclusive nationalism.
Inclusive nationalism shows what?
Inclusive nationalism shows a willingness to:
1. Include marginal groups
2. View the nation as a place where different cultures and groups have a role to play
110
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain - Inclusive nationalism and exclusive nationalism.
Inclusive nationalism shows a willingness to include marginal groups and to view the nation as a place where different cultures and groups have a role to play.
This includes what as part of the national community?
This includes certain 'marginal' groups as part of the national community
111
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain - Inclusive nationalism and exclusive nationalism.
Inclusive nationalism shows a willingness to include marginal groups and to view the nation as a place where different cultures and groups have a role to play.
This includes certain 'marginal' groups, for example what, as part of the national community?
This includes certain 'marginal' groups, for example:
1. Immigrants
2. Ethnic minorities
,as part of the national community
112
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain - Inclusive nationalism and exclusive nationalism.
Inclusive nationalism shows a willingness to include marginal groups and to view the nation as a place where different cultures and groups have a role to play.
This includes certain 'marginal' groups, for example immigrants and ethnic minorities, as part of the national community and they should be granted what?
This includes certain 'marginal' groups, for example:
1. Immigrants
2. Ethnic minorities
,as part of the national community and they should be granted full civic rights
113
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain - Inclusive nationalism and exclusive nationalism.
The viewpoint of exclusive nationalism is focused on what?
The viewpoint of exclusive nationalism is focused on the maintenance of tight boundaries
114
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain - Inclusive nationalism and exclusive nationalism.
The viewpoint of exclusive nationalism is focused on the maintenance of tight boundaries, excluding what?
The viewpoint of exclusive nationalism is focused on the maintenance of tight boundaries, excluding marginal groups
115
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain - Inclusive nationalism and exclusive nationalism.
The viewpoint of exclusive nationalism is focused on the maintenance of tight boundaries, excluding marginal groups such as what?
The viewpoint of exclusive nationalism is focused on the maintenance of tight boundaries, excluding marginal groups such as ethnic minorities
116
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain - Inclusive nationalism and exclusive nationalism.
The viewpoint of exclusive nationalism is focused on the maintenance of tight boundaries, excluding marginal groups such as ethnic minorities.
This type of nationalism also favours what?
This type of nationalism also favours separation from Europe
117
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain - Inclusive nationalism and exclusive nationalism.
The viewpoint of exclusive nationalism is focused on the maintenance of tight boundaries, excluding marginal groups such as ethnic minorities.
This type of nationalism also favours separation from Europe, as they want to do what?
This type of nationalism also favours separation from Europe, as they want to maintain British sovereignty
118
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain - Inclusive nationalism and exclusive nationalism.
The viewpoint of exclusive nationalism is focused on the maintenance of tight boundaries, excluding marginal groups such as ethnic minorities.
This type of nationalism also favours separation from Europe, as they want to maintain British sovereignty.
They displayed what of foreigners?
They displayed a rather mean-minded hatred of foreigners
119
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain - Inclusive nationalism and exclusive nationalism.
The viewpoint of exclusive nationalism is focused on the maintenance of tight boundaries, excluding marginal groups such as ethnic minorities.
This type of nationalism also favours separation from Europe, as they want to maintain British sovereignty.
They displayed a rather mean-minded hatred of foreigners and an intense what?
They displayed a rather mean-minded hatred of foreigners and an intense dislike for European interference in British:
1. Political
2. Economic
affairs
120
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain - Inclusive nationalism and exclusive nationalism.
The viewpoint of exclusive nationalism is focused on the maintenance of tight boundaries, excluding marginal groups such as ethnic minorities.
This type of nationalism also favours separation from Europe, as they want to maintain British sovereignty.
They displayed a rather mean-minded hatred of foreigners and an intense dislike for European interference in British political and economic affairs.
Dowds and Young's findings suggest that this is a what view?
Dowds and Young's findings suggest that this is a minority view
121
Dowds and Young (1996) found that the majority of English, Scottish and Welsh people expressed national sentiments.
Often this was in the form of pride in heritage and institutions, however, some were unmotivated by national pride.
Dowds and Young found 2 different types of nationalism in Britain - Inclusive nationalism and exclusive nationalism.
The viewpoint of exclusive nationalism is focused on the maintenance of tight boundaries, excluding marginal groups such as ethnic minorities.
This type of nationalism also favours separation from Europe, as they want to maintain British sovereignty.
They displayed a rather mean-minded hatred of foreigners and an intense dislike for European interference in British political and economic affairs.
Dowds and Young's findings suggest that this is a minority view.
Example
For example, the BNP seek to promote a British identity based on a 'pure white Britishness'
