1.3: Ethnicity and identity Flashcards
Ethnicity relates to culture, so we all have an ethnic identity, made up of our religion, language, where we live, our ethnic origin, skin colour, ect.
These cultural characteristics all affect what?
These cultural characteristics all affect:
- Who we are
- How we see ourselves
Ethnicity relates to culture, so we all have an ethnic identity, made up of our religion, language, where we live, our ethnic origin, skin colour, ect.
These cultural characteristics all affect who we are and how we see ourselves.
In the UK, we tend to identity certain ethnic groups by their what?
In the UK, we tend to identity certain ethnic groups by their shared cultural characteristics
Ethnicity relates to culture, so we all have an ethnic identity, made up of our religion, language, where we live, our ethnic origin, skin colour, ect.
These cultural characteristics all affect who we are and how we see ourselves.
In the UK, we tend to identity certain ethnic groups by their shared cultural characteristics, such as what?
In the UK, we tend to identity certain ethnic groups by their shared cultural characteristics, such as:
- Religion
- Language
- Lifestyle
‘Asians’ are often identified as an ethnic group in the UK, but those who may fall into this category do not necessarily share the same cultural characteristics.
Who (what year) points out, for example, that the category ‘Asians’ includes different what?
Modood (1997) points out, for example, that the category ‘Asians’ includes different nationalities
‘Asians’ are often identified as an ethnic group in the UK, but those who may fall into this category do not necessarily share the same cultural characteristics.
Modood (1997) points out, for example, that the category ‘Asians’ includes different nationalities, such as Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Indians and different religious groups, such as what?
Modood (1997) points out, for example, that the category ‘Asians’ includes different nationalities, such as Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Indians and different religious groups, such as:
- Sikhs
- Hindus
- Muslims
‘Asians’ are often identified as an ethnic group in the UK, but those who may fall into this category do not necessarily share the same cultural characteristics.
Modood (1997) points out, for example, that the category ‘Asians’ includes different nationalities, such as Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Indians, different religious groups, such as Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims, and several language groups, including what?
Modood (1997) points out, for example, that the category ‘Asians’ includes different nationalities, such as Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Indians and different religious groups, such as Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims, and several language groups, including:
- Gujarati
- Punjabi
- Urdu
- Bengali
‘Asians’ are often identified as an ethnic group in the UK, but those who may fall into this category do not necessarily share the same cultural characteristics.
Modood (1997) points out, for example, that the category ‘Asians’ includes different nationalities, such as Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Indians, different religious groups, such as Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims, and several language groups, including Gujarati, Punjabi, Urdu and Bengali.
Asia is a whole what?
Asia is a whole continent
‘Asians’ are often identified as an ethnic group in the UK, but those who may fall into this category do not necessarily share the same cultural characteristics.
In the US, when the term ‘Asian-Americans’ is used, it is usually referring to what?
In the US, when the term 'Asian-Americans' is used, it is usually referring to those of: 1. Chinese Or, 2. Possibly Japanese origin
‘Asians’ are often identified as an ethnic group in the UK, but those who may fall into this category do not necessarily share the same cultural characteristics.
In the US, when the term ‘Asian-Americans’ is used, it is usually referring to those of Chinese, or possibly Japanese, origin.
Increasingly, probably due to the influence of the US media, younger people in the UK may consider British Asians to include those of Chinese origin.
Though China is clearly in Asia, the majority of Asian immigrants in the UK originate from where?
Though China is clearly in Asia, the majority of Asian immigrants in the UK originate from the Indian subcontinent
‘Asians’ are often identified as an ethnic group in the UK, but those who may fall into this category do not necessarily share the same cultural characteristics.
In the US, when the term ‘Asian-Americans’ is used, it is usually referring to those of Chinese, or possibly Japanese, origin.
Increasingly, probably due to the influence of the US media, younger people in the UK may consider British Asians to include those of Chinese origin.
Though China is clearly in Asia, the majority of Asian immigrants in the UK originate from the Indian subcontinent due to our colonial history and the small Chinese population is usually discussed separately.
So when sociologists discuss British Asians, they are usually referring to those with origins where?
So when sociologists discuss British Asians, they are usually referring to those with origins in: 1. India 2. Pakistan Or, 3. Bangladesh
Most studies relating to ethnic identity in the UK have researched what?
Most studies relating to ethnic identity in the UK have researched its importance for those in ethnic minorities
Most studies relating to ethnic identity in the UK have researched its importance for those in ethnic minorities.
For example, in researching British-Asian identities, who (what year) found that what played in an important part in the upbringing of who in the UK?
For example, in researching British-Asian identities, Ghumann (1999) found that:
1. Tradition
2. Religion
3. Family values
played an important part in the upbringing of second-generation Asians in the UK
Most studies relating to ethnic identity in the UK have researched its importance for those in ethnic minorities.
For example, in researching British-Asian identities, Ghumann (1999) found that tradition, religion and family values played an important part in the upbringing of second-generation Asians in the UK and that Asian children tend to be what into the extended family, with the emphasis on what?
For example, in researching British-Asian identities, Ghumann (1999) found that:
- Tradition, religion and family values played an important part in the upbringing of second-generation Asians in the UK
- Asian children tend to be socialised into the extended family, with the emphasis on duty, loyalty, honour and religious commitment
Who (what year) looked at the identity of young black people?
Gilroy (1993) looked at the identity of young black people
Gilroy (1993) looked at the identity of young black people, arguing for the use of what?
Gilroy (1993) looked at the identity of young black people, arguing for the use of the term ‘Black Atlantic’
Gilroy (1993) looked at the identity of young black people, arguing for the use of the term ‘Black Atlantic’ to describe an identity that was not specifically rooted in the UK or in their country of origin (often a part of the Caribbean that they may have had little association with), and was shared with young people where?
Gilroy (1993) looked at the identity of young black people, arguing for the use of the term ‘Black Atlantic’ to describe an identity that was not specifically rooted in:
1. The UK
Or,
2. Their country of origin (often a part of the Caribbean that they may have had little association with),
and was shared with young people in the US
‘Asians’ are often identified as an ethnic group in the UK, but those who may fall into this category do not necessarily share the same cultural characteristics.
Modood (1997) points out, for example, that the category ‘Asians’ includes different nationalities, such as what?
Modood (1997) points out, for example, that the category ‘Asians’ includes different nationalities, such as:
- Pakistanis
- Bangladeshis
- Indians
Modood (1997) points out, for example, that the category ‘Asians’ includes different nationalities, such as Pakistanis, Bangladeshis and Indians and different religious groups, such as Sikhs, Hindus and Muslims and several language groups, including Gujarati, Punjabi, Urdu and Bengali.
We could call this what?
We could call this intracultural diversity
Most studies relating to ethnic identity in the UK have researched its importance for those in ethnic minorities.
For example, in researching British-Asian identities, Ghumann (1999) found that tradition, religion and family values played an important part in the upbringing of second-generation Asians in the UK and that Asian children tend to be socialised into the extended family, for example with who living with them, with the emphasis on duty, loyalty, honour and religious commitment?
For example, in researching British-Asian identities, Ghumann (1999) found that tradition, religion and family values played an important part in the upbringing of second-generation Asians in the UK and that Asian children tend to be socialised into the extended family, for example with their:
1. Grandparents
Or,
2. Uncles and aunties
living with them, with the emphasis on duty, loyalty, honour and religious commitment
Most studies relating to ethnic identity in the UK have researched its importance for those in ethnic minorities.
For example, in researching British-Asian identities, Ghumann (1999) found that tradition, religion and family values played an important part in the upbringing of second-generation Asians in the UK and that Asian children tend to be socialised into the extended family, for example with their grandparents or uncles and aunties living with them, with the emphasis on duty, loyalty, honour and religious commitment.
Who is this supported by?
This is supported by:
1. Modood
2. Berthoud
(1997)
Gilroy (1993) looked at the identity of young black people, arguing for the use of the term ‘Black Atlantic’ to describe what?
Gilroy (1993) looked at the identity of young black people, arguing for the use of the term ‘Black Atlantic’ to describe an identity that was not specifically rooted in:
1. The UK
Or,
2. Their country of origin (often a part of the Caribbean that they may have had little association with)
Gilroy (1993) looked at the identity of young black people, arguing for the use of the term ‘Black Atlantic’ to describe an identity that was not specifically rooted in the UK or in their country of origin (often a part of the Caribbean that they may have had little association with), and was shared with young people in the US.
Gilroy argued that the shared experiences of what can do what?
Gilroy argued that the shared experiences of racism and powerlessness can transcend differences in:
- Background
- History
Gilroy (1993) looked at the identity of young black people, arguing for the use of the term ‘Black Atlantic’ to describe an identity that was not specifically rooted in the UK or in their country of origin (often a part of the Caribbean that they may have had little association with), and was shared with young people in the US.
Gilroy argued that the shared experiences of racism and powerlessness can transcend differences in background and history to do what?
Gilroy argued that the shared experiences of racism and powerlessness can transcend differences in:
1. Background
2. History
to create a ‘black’ identity
The term ‘race’ refers to what?
The term ‘race’ refers to a person’s biological characteristics
The term ‘race’ refers to a person’s biological characteristics, such as what?
The term ‘race’ refers to a person’s biological characteristics, such as the colour of their skin
The term ‘race’ refers to a person’s biological characteristics, such as the colour of their skin.
‘Ethnicity,’ on the other hand, refers to what?
‘Ethnicity,’ on the other hand, refers to a person’s cultural characteristics
The term ‘race’ refers to a person’s biological characteristics, such as the colour of their skin.
‘Ethnicity,’ on the other hand, refers to a person’s cultural characteristics.
These cultural characteristics include what?
These cultural characteristics include:
- Language
- Religion
- Geographical origins and common descent
- History
- Customs and tradition
What is who’s definition of ethnicity?
Song’s (2003) definition of ethnicity is an ethnic group within larger society that has a common ancestry and memories of a shared past based around:
- History
- Oral testimonies
Cultural assimilation
Cultural assimilation is a process in which persons of diverse:
1. Ethnic
2. Racial
backgrounds (culture) come to interact, free of these constraints, in the life of the larger community
Host community/host culture
A host community/host culture is the dominant culture
A host community/host culture is the dominant culture.
What would the host community/host culture be in the UK?
In the UK, the host community/host culture would be White British
Multiculturalism
Multiculturalism is the:
- Coexistence of different ethnic groups in society
- Existence, acceptance or promotion of multiple cultural traditions, norms and values (cultural diversity) within a single jurisdiction
Multiculturalism is the coexistence of different ethnic groups in society and the existence, acceptance or promotion of multiple cultural traditions, norms and values (cultural diversity) within a single jurisdiction, usually considered in terms of what?
Multiculturalism is the:
- Coexistence of different ethnic groups in society
- Existence, acceptance or promotion of multiple cultural traditions, norms and values (cultural diversity) within a single jurisdiction, usually considered in terms of the culture (way of life) associated with an ethnic group
Culture shock
A culture shock is the feeling of disorientation experienced by someone when they are suddenly subjected to an unfamiliar: 1. Culture 2. Way of life Or, 3. Set of attitudes
Positive discrimination
Positive discrimination is the process of giving preferential treatment to minority groups of society that have been prejudiced against in the past
Positive discrimination is the process of giving preferential treatment, especially where, to minority groups of society that have been prejudiced against in the past?
Positive discrimination is the process of giving preferential treatment, especially in employment, to minority groups of society that have been prejudiced against in the past
Who (what year) found a number of what over the issue of identity?
Modood (1997) found a number of generational differences over the issue of identity
Modood (1997) found a number of generational differences over the issue of identity, suggesting that second generation ethnic minorities from both what backgrounds felt how?
Modood (1997) found a number of generational differences over the issue of identity, suggesting that second generation ethnic minorities from both:
1. African Caribbean
2. Asian
backgrounds felt much more British than their parents
Modood (1997) found a number of generational differences over the issue of identity, suggesting that second generation ethnic minorities from both African Caribbean and Asian backgrounds felt much more British than their parents, while still what?
Modood (1997) found a number of generational differences over the issue of identity, suggesting that second generation ethnic minorities from both African Caribbean and Asian backgrounds:
1. Felt much more British than their parents
,while still
2. Seeing their ethnic origin as a key part of their ethnicity
Who (what year) argues that many young Pakistanis are doing what?
Jacobson (1997) argues that many young Pakistanis are adopting a strong Islamic identity
Jacobson (1997) argues that many young Pakistanis are adopting a strong Islamic identity as a response to what?
Jacobson (1997) argues that many young Pakistanis are adopting a strong Islamic identity as a response to social exclusion from white British society
Jacobson (1997) argues that many young Pakistanis are adopting a strong Islamic identity as a response to social exclusion from white British society.
Jacobson found that young British Muslims face difficulties and problems and that a strong Muslim identity gives them a sense of what?
Jacobson found that young British Muslims face difficulties and problems and that a strong Muslim identity gives them a sense of:
- Stability
- Security
Jacobson (1997) argues that many young Pakistanis are adopting a strong Islamic identity as a response to social exclusion from white British society.
Jacobson found that young British Muslims face difficulties and problems and that a strong Muslim identity gives them a sense of stability and security.
This positive embracing of an Islamic identity in terms of what is a form of what?
This positive embracing of an Islamic identity in terms of: 1. Diet 2. Dress 3. Other religious practices is a form of defence and resistance
Jacobson (1997) argues that many young Pakistanis are adopting a strong Islamic identity as a response to social exclusion from white British society.
Jacobson found that young British Muslims face difficulties and problems and that a strong Muslim identity gives them a sense of stability and security.
This positive embracing of an Islamic identity in terms of diet, dress and other religious practices is a form of defence and resistance to what?
This positive embracing of an Islamic identity in terms of diet, dress and other religious practices is a form of defence and resistance to:
- Racism
- Marginalisation
Jacobson (1997) argues that many young Pakistanis are adopting a strong Islamic identity as a response to social exclusion from white British society.
Jacobson found that young British Muslims face difficulties and problems and that a strong Muslim identity gives them a sense of stability and security.
This positive embracing of an Islamic identity in terms of diet, dress and other religious practices is a form of defence and resistance to racism and marginalisation and is not just absorbed through what, but what?
This positive embracing of an Islamic identity in terms of diet, dress and other religious practices is a form of defence and resistance to racism and marginalisation and is not just:
1. Absorbed through the family
,but
2. Consciously constructed
Who (what year) suggests that the experience of racism did what to the culture and identity of African-Caribbeans in the UK?
Winston James (1993) suggests that the experience of racism unified the:
1. Culture
2. Identity
of African-Caribbeans in the UK
Winston James (1993) suggests that the experience of racism unified the culture and identity of African-Caribbeans in the UK. Black people from the Caribbean had cultural differences based on what?
Black people from the Caribbean had cultural differences based on their island of origin
Winston James (1993) suggests that the experience of racism unified the culture and identity of African-Caribbeans in the UK. Black people from the Caribbean had cultural differences based on their island of origin and may also have been what?
Black people from the Caribbean had cultural differences based on their island of origin and may also have been divided
Winston James (1993) suggests that the experience of racism unified the culture and identity of African-Caribbeans in the UK. Black people from the Caribbean had cultural differences based on their island of origin and may also have been divided based on what?
Black people from the Caribbean had cultural differences based on their island of origin and may also have been divided based on the darkness of their skin
Winston James (1993) suggests that the experience of racism unified the culture and identity of African-Caribbeans in the UK. Black people from the Caribbean had cultural differences based on their island of origin and may also have been divided based on the darkness of their skin, a what of colour imposed by what?
Black people from the Caribbean had cultural differences based on their island of origin and may also have been divided based on the darkness of their skin, a hierarchy of colour imposed by colonialism
Winston James (1993) suggests that the experience of racism unified the culture and identity of African-Caribbeans in the UK.
Black people from the Caribbean had cultural differences based on their island of origin and may also have been divided based on the darkness of their skin, a hierarchy of colour imposed by colonialism.
However, in the UK, the common experience of racism had the effect of what?
In the UK, the common experience of racism had the effect of drawing African-Caribbeans together
Winston James (1993) suggests that the experience of racism unified the culture and identity of African-Caribbeans in the UK.
Black people from the Caribbean had cultural differences based on their island of origin and may also have been divided based on the darkness of their skin, a hierarchy of colour imposed by colonialism.
However, in the UK, the common experience of racism had the effect of drawing African-Caribbeans together.
A what grew?
A shared oppositional culture grew
Winston James (1993) suggests that the experience of racism unified the culture and identity of African-Caribbeans in the UK.
Black people from the Caribbean had cultural differences based on their island of origin and may also have been divided based on the darkness of their skin, a hierarchy of colour imposed by colonialism.
However, in the UK, the common experience of racism had the effect of drawing African-Caribbeans together.
A shared oppositional culture grew, organised around what?
A shared oppositional culture grew, organised around the label ‘black’
Winston James (1993) suggests that the experience of racism unified the culture and identity of African-Caribbeans in the UK.
Black people from the Caribbean had cultural differences based on their island of origin and may also have been divided based on the darkness of their skin, a hierarchy of colour imposed by colonialism.
However, in the UK, the common experience of racism had the effect of drawing African-Caribbeans together.
A shared oppositional culture grew, organised around the label ‘black,’ as what?
A shared oppositional culture grew, organised around the label ‘black,’ as resistance to racism
Who (what year) suggests that Eastern European migrants spent relatively little time doing what?
Spencer et al. (2007) suggests that Eastern European migrants spent relatively little time socialising with British people
Spencer et al. (2007) suggests that Eastern European migrants spent relatively little time socialising with British people.
In their research, who commented what?
In their research, a Ukrainian waitress commented that ‘They (British people) do not let you into their circles’
Who (what year) have looked at different aspects of identity in what families?
Francis and Archer (2005) have looked at different aspects of identity in British-Chinese families
Francis and Archer (2005) have looked at different aspects of identity in British-Chinese families.
All of these studies consider what?
All of these studies consider the:
- Challenges of growing up within a minority ethnic group in the UK
- Influences this has on an individual’s identity
The response of those from ethnic minorities to racism may be to find what?
The response of those from ethnic minorities to racism may be to find ways in which their ethnicity can be used as a form of protection
The response of those from ethnic minorities to racism may be to find ways in which their ethnicity can be used as a form of protection.
Who (what year) argue that there will be a tendency for ethnic minorities to do what?
Cashmore and Troyna (1990) argue that there will be a tendency for ethnic minorities to ‘turn inwards’
The response of those from ethnic minorities to racism may be to find ways in which their ethnicity can be used as a form of protection.
Cashmore and Troyna (1990) argue that there will be a tendency for ethnic minorities to ‘turn inwards,’ to seek what as a response to the racism that they experience?
Cashmore and Troyna (1990) argue that there will be a tendency for ethnic minorities to ‘turn inwards,’ to seek support from within their own ethnic community as a response to the racism that they experience
The response of those from ethnic minorities to racism may be to find ways in which their ethnicity can be used as a form of protection.
Cashmore and Troyna (1990) argue that there will be a tendency for ethnic minorities to ‘turn inwards,’ to seek support from within their own ethnic community as a response to the racism that they experience.
Thus what may be strengthened?
Thus:
1. Religion
2. Culture
may be strengthened
The response of those from ethnic minorities to racism may be to find ways in which their ethnicity can be used as a form of protection.
Cashmore and Troyna (1990) argue that there will be a tendency for ethnic minorities to ‘turn inwards,’ to seek support from within their own ethnic community as a response to the racism that they experience.
Thus religion and culture may be strengthened, as they become what?
Thus religion and culture may be strengthened, as they become key sources of:
- Identity
- Support
There have also been studies on the white British ethnic identity.
For example, who (what year) considers the what against multiculturalism?
For example, Hewitt (2005) considers the white ‘backlash’ against multiculturalism
There have also been studies on the white British ethnic identity.
For example, Hewitt (2005) considers the white ‘backlash’ against multiculturalism.
Policies have been designed to achieve what?
Policies have been designed to achieve equality
There have also been studies on the white British ethnic identity.
For example, Hewitt (2005) considers the white ‘backlash’ against multiculturalism.
Policies have been designed to achieve equality, but have been seen as what?
Policies have been designed to achieve equality, but have been seen as unfair to the white community
There have also been studies on the white British ethnic identity.
For example, Hewitt (2005) considers the white ‘backlash’ against multiculturalism.
As policies have been designed to achieve equality, but have been seen as unfair to the white community, the white what people feel what?
As policies have been designed to achieve equality, but have been seen as unfair to the white community, the white working class people feel under pressure economically
There have also been studies on the white British ethnic identity.
For example, Hewitt (2005) considers the white ‘backlash’ against multiculturalism.
As policies have been designed to achieve equality, but have been seen as unfair to the white community, the white working class people feel under pressure economically, have reacted with what at what?
As policies have been designed to achieve equality, but have been seen as unfair to the white community, the white working class people:
- Feel under pressure economically
- Have reacted with anger at supposed positive discrimination in favour of ethnic minorities
There have also been studies on the white British ethnic identity.
For example, Hewitt (2005) considers the white ‘backlash’ against multiculturalism.
As policies have been designed to achieve equality, but have been seen as unfair to the white community, the white working class people feel under pressure economically, have reacted with anger at supposed positive discrimination in favour of ethnic minorities (for example what)?
As policies have been designed to achieve equality, but have been seen as unfair to the white community, the white working class people feel under pressure economically, have reacted with anger at supposed positive discrimination in favour of ethnic minorities (for example: 1. Refugees Or, 2. Asylum seekers being offered council housing first)
There have also been studies on the white British ethnic identity.
For example, Hewitt (2005) considers the white ‘backlash’ against multiculturalism.
As policies have been designed to achieve equality, but have been seen as unfair to the white community, the white working class people feel under pressure economically, have reacted with anger at supposed positive discrimination in favour of ethnic minorities (for example refugees or asylum seekers being offered council housing first) and feel the need to do what?
As policies have been designed to achieve equality, but have been seen as unfair to the white community, the white working class people:
- Feel under pressure economically
- Have reacted with anger at supposed positive discrimination in favour of ethnic minorities (for example refugees or asylum seekers being offered council housing first)
- Feel the need to defend their ethnic identity
There have also been studies on the white British ethnic identity.
For example, Hewitt (2005) considers the white ‘backlash’ against multiculturalism.
As policies have been designed to achieve equality, but have been seen as unfair to the white community, the white working class people feel under pressure economically, have reacted with anger at supposed positive discrimination in favour of ethnic minorities (for example refugees or asylum seekers being offered council housing first) and feel the need to defend their ethnic identity (for instance political groups such as what)?
As policies have been designed to achieve equality, but have been seen as unfair to the white community, the white working class people:
- Feel under pressure economically
- Have reacted with anger at supposed positive discrimination in favour of ethnic minorities
- Feel the need to defend their ethnic identity (for instance political groups such as EDL)
Ethnic identities may be becoming more what?
Ethnic identities may be becoming more hybrid
Ethnic identities may be becoming more hybrid, as those from what and those of what origin are all influenced by what?
Ethnic identities may be becoming more hybrid, as those from ethnic minorities and those of white British origin are all influenced by:
- Each other’s cultures
- The media
Postmodernists may argue that in a what society such as the contemporary UK today, identity is all about what?
Postmodernists may argue that in a:
1. Globalised
2. Media-saturated
society such as the contemporary UK today, identity is all about choice
Postmodernists may argue that in a globalised and media-saturated society such as the contemporary UK today, identity is all about choice - Everyone can choose their own identity and ethnic hybridity means that ethnicity is becoming what?
Postmodernists may argue that in a globalised and media-saturated society such as the contemporary UK today, identity is all about choice - Everyone can choose their own identity and ethnic hybridity means that ethnicity is becoming less:
- Clear-cut
- Significant
Postmodernists may argue that in a globalised and media-saturated society such as the contemporary UK today, identity is all about choice - Everyone can choose their own identity and ethnic hybridity means that ethnicity is becoming less clear-cut and less significant
However, some would disagree, arguing that ethnicity and race what?
Some would disagree, arguing that ethnicity and race:
- Are still sources of discrimination
- Hugely affect identity
