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Sociololgy A Level OCR > 1.3: Sexuality and identity > Flashcards

1.3: Sexuality and identity Flashcards

1
Q

Though sexual identity is a significant issue for many, as with other aspects of identity, it tends to be significant for those who are what?

A

Though sexual identity is a significant issue for many, as with other aspects of identity, it tends to be significant for those who are not heterosexual

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2
Q 
Though sexual identity is a significant issue for many, as with other aspects of identity, it tends to be significant for those who are not heterosexual.
As who (what year) points out, not many would say what in relation to their identity?
A

As Weeks (1987) points out, not many would say ‘I am heterosexual’ in relation to their identity

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3
Q 
Though sexual identity is a significant issue for many, as with other aspects of identity, it tends to be significant for those who are not heterosexual.
As Weeks (1987) points out, not many would say 'I am heterosexual' in relation to their identity, but to say 'I am gay' or 'I am lesbian' does what?
A

As Weeks (1987) points out, not many would say ‘I am heterosexual’ in relation to their identity, but to say ‘I am gay’ or ‘I am lesbian’ makes a statement about:

  1. Belonging
  2. Your relationship to dominant sexual codes
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4
Q

Who (what year) studied what of some tribal people?

A

Quinn (2001) studied the same-sex relationships of some tribal people

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5
Q

Quinn (2001) studied the same-sex relationships of some tribal people.
Many what tribes celebrated what?

A

Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2 males

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6
Q

Quinn (2001) studied the same-sex relationships of some tribal people.
Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2 males, with the ‘wife’ being a what?

A

Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2 males, with the ‘wife’ being a feminine-acting ‘berdache’

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7
Q

Quinn (2001) studied the same-sex relationships of some tribal people.
Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2 males, with the ‘wife’ being a feminine-acting ‘berdache,’ who did what?

A

Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2 males, with the ‘wife’ being a feminine-acting ‘berdache,’ who dressed in female clothing

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8
Q

Quinn (2001) studied the same-sex relationships of some tribal people.
Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2 males, with the ‘wife’ being a feminine-acting ‘berdache,’ who dressed in female clothing and between 2 what?

A

Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2:

  1. Males, with the ‘wife’ being a feminine-acting ‘berdache,’ who dressed in female clothing
  2. Females
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9
Q

Quinn (2001) studied the same-sex relationships of some tribal people.
Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2 males, with the ‘wife’ being a feminine-acting ‘berdache,’ who dressed in female clothing and between 2 females, where the ‘husband’ was a what?

A

Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2:

  1. Males, with the ‘wife’ being a feminine-acting ‘berdache,’ who dressed in female clothing
  2. Females, where the ‘husband’ was a dominant ‘amazon’
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10
Q

Quinn (2001) studied the same-sex relationships of some tribal people.
Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2 males, with the ‘wife’ being a feminine-acting ‘berdache,’ who dressed in female clothing and between 2 females, where the ‘husband’ was a dominant ‘amazon’ who did what?

A

Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2 males, with the ‘wife’ being a feminine-acting ‘berdache,’ who dressed in female clothing and between 2 females, where the ‘husband’ was a dominant ‘amazon’ who:

  1. Participated in male activities
  2. Was often a female warrior
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11
Q

Quinn (2001) studied the same-sex relationships of some tribal people.
Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2 males, with the ‘wife’ being a feminine-acting ‘berdache,’ who dressed in female clothing and between 2 females, where the ‘husband’ was a dominant ‘amazon’ who participated in male activities and was often a female warrior.
Quinn also noted that what have man-boy marriage ceremonies?

A

Quinn also noted that some sub-Saharan African people have man-boy marriage ceremonies

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12
Q

Quinn (2001) studied the same-sex relationships of some tribal people.
Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2 males, with the ‘wife’ being a feminine-acting ‘berdache,’ who dressed in female clothing and between 2 females, where the ‘husband’ was a dominant ‘amazon’ who participated in male activities and was often a female warrior.
Quinn also noted that some sub-Saharan African people have man-boy marriage ceremonies.
These African ‘boy-wives’ are between how many years of age?

A

These African ‘boy-wives’ are between:
1. 12
2. 20
years of age

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13
Q

Quinn (2001) studied the same-sex relationships of some tribal people.
Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2 males, with the ‘wife’ being a feminine-acting ‘berdache,’ who dressed in female clothing and between 2 females, where the ‘husband’ was a dominant ‘amazon’ who participated in male activities and was often a female warrior.
Quinn also noted that some sub-Saharan African people have man-boy marriage ceremonies.
These African ‘boy-wives’ are between 12 and 20 years of age and the boy-wife is treated in the same way as what?

A

These African ‘boy-wives’ are between:
1. 12
2. 20
years of age and the boy-wife is treated in the same way as a female wife

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14
Q

Quinn (2001) studied the same-sex relationships of some tribal people.
Many Native American tribes celebrated same-sex marriage between 2 males, with the ‘wife’ being a feminine-acting ‘berdache,’ who dressed in female clothing and between 2 females, where the ‘husband’ was a dominant ‘amazon’ who participated in male activities and was often a female warrior.
Quinn also noted that some sub-Saharan African people have man-boy marriage ceremonies.
These African ‘boy-wives’ are between 12 and 20 years of age and the boy-wife is treated in the same way as a female wife.
When he becomes a man, he does what?

A

When he becomes a man, he:

  1. Becomes a warrior
  2. Takes a boy-wife of his own
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15
Q

Who (what year) argued that in Western cultures, the role of homosexual male involves what?

A

Mary McIntosh (1996) argued that in Western cultures, the role of homosexual male involves certain:
1. Expectations
Or,
2. Cultural characteristics

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16
Q 
Mary McIntosh (1996) argued that in Western cultures, the role of homosexual male involves certain expectations or cultural characteristics.
Example
A

For example, the homosexual role may include:

  1. Effeminate mannerisms
  2. A higher voice
  3. Attention to appearance
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17
Q 
Mary McIntosh (1996) argued that in Western cultures, the role of homosexual male involves certain expectations or cultural characteristics.
For example, the homosexual role may include effeminate mannerisms, a higher voice and attention to appearance.
McIntosh argued that once a male has accepted what, he will start to do what?
A

McIntosh argued that once a male has accepted the:
1. Label
Or,
2. Identity
of ‘homosexual,’ he will start to fulfil these expectations

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18
Q 
Mary McIntosh (1996) argued that in Western cultures, the role of homosexual male involves certain expectations or cultural characteristics.
For example, the homosexual role may include effeminate mannerisms, a higher voice and attention to appearance.
McIntosh argued that once a male has accepted the label or identity of 'homosexual,' he will start to fulfil these expectations, so the label actually does what?
A

McIntosh argued that once a male has accepted the:
1. Label
Or,
2. Identity
of ‘homosexual,’ he will start to fulfil these expectations, so the label actually creates the behaviour

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19
Q

Mary McIntosh (1996) argued that in Western cultures, the role of homosexual male involves certain expectations or cultural characteristics.
For example, the homosexual role may include effeminate mannerisms, a higher voice and attention to appearance.
McIntosh argued that once a male has accepted the label or identity of ‘homosexual,’ he will start to fulfil these expectations, so the label actually creates the behaviour.
What occurs?

A

A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs

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20
Q

Mary McIntosh (1996) argued that in Western cultures, the role of homosexual male involves certain expectations or cultural characteristics.
For example, the homosexual role may include effeminate mannerisms, a higher voice and attention to appearance.
McIntosh argued that once a male has accepted the label or identity of ‘homosexual,’ he will start to fulfil these expectations, so the label actually creates the behaviour.
A self-fulfilling prophecy occurs.
This links into what concept?

A

Thinks links into the concept of the labelling theory by Interactionalists

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21
Q

Though sexual identity is a significant issue for many, as with other aspects of identity, it tends to be significant for those who are not heterosexual.
As Weeks (1987) points out, not many would say ‘I am heterosexual’ in relation to their identity, but to say ‘I am gay’ or ‘I am lesbian’ makes a statement about belonging and your relationship to dominant sexual codes.
This is because being homosexual is what?

A

This is because being homosexual is:
1. Different
2. Deviant
from the majority’s sexualities

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22
Q

Historically, homosexuality was considered a what?

A

Historically, homosexuality was considered a perversion

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23
Q

Historically, homosexuality was considered a perversion, a what that needed to be cured?

A

Historically, homosexuality was considered a perversion, a mental illness that needed to be cured

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24
Q

Historically, homosexuality was considered a perversion, a mental illness that needed to be cured and even a what in the UK?

A

Historically, homosexuality was:

  1. Considered a perversion, a mental illness that needed to be cured
  2. Even a criminal offence in the UK
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25
Q

Historically, homosexuality was considered a perversion, a mental illness that needed to be cured and even a criminal offence in the UK.
What towards homosexuality have changed significantly in British society over the last 50 years?

A

Attitudes towards homosexuality have changed significantly in British society over the last 50 years

26
Q

Historically, homosexuality was considered a perversion, a mental illness that needed to be cured and even a criminal offence in the UK.
Attitudes towards homosexuality have changed significantly in British society over the last 50 years, but in some parts of the world, such as what, homosexuality is still what?

A

Attitudes towards homosexuality have changed significantly in British society over the last 50 years, but in some parts of the world, such as:
1. Uganda
2. Nigeria
,homosexuality is still illegal

27
Q

Historically, homosexuality was considered a perversion, a mental illness that needed to be cured and even a criminal offence in the UK.
Attitudes towards homosexuality have changed significantly in British society over the last 50 years, but in some parts of the world, such as Uganda and Nigeria, homosexuality is still illegal and homosexuals are still denied what in many countries?

A

Attitudes towards homosexuality have changed significantly in British society over the last 50 years, but:

  1. In some parts of the world, such as Uganda and Nigeria, homosexuality is still illegal
  2. Homosexuals are still denied basic human rights in many countries
28
Q

What has been referred to as ‘coming out’?

A

The process of:
1. Developing
2. Accepting
a homosexual identity has been referred to as ‘coming out’

29
Q

The process of developing and accepting a homosexual identity has been referred to as ‘coming out.’
Studies suggest that homosexual behaviour does not what?

A

Studies suggest that homosexual behaviour does not automatically lead to a homosexual identity

30
Q

The process of developing and accepting a homosexual identity has been referred to as ‘coming out.’
Studies suggest that homosexual behaviour does not automatically lead to a homosexual identity.
Who (what year) argues that ‘sexual identification is what?’

A

Weeks (1991) argues that ‘sexual identification is:

  1. A strange thing
  2. More complex than other aspects of identity’
31
Q

The process of developing and accepting a homosexual identity has been referred to as ‘coming out.’
Studies suggest that homosexual behaviour does not automatically lead to a homosexual identity.
Weeks (1991) argues that ‘sexual identification is a strange thing and more complex than other aspects of identity’.
Weeks points out that there are people who identify themselves as gay and participate in the gay community, but do not participate in what?

A

Weeks points out that there are people who identify themselves as gay and participate in the gay community, but do not participate in same-sex sexual activity

32
Q

The process of developing and accepting a homosexual identity has been referred to as ‘coming out.’
Studies suggest that homosexual behaviour does not automatically lead to a homosexual identity.
Weeks (1991) argues that ‘sexual identification is a strange thing and more complex than other aspects of identity’.
Weeks points out that there are people who identify themselves as gay and participate in the gay community, but do not participate in same-sex sexual activity and that there are also people who do have same-sex sexual encounters, but do not what?

A

Weeks points out that there are:

  1. People who identify themselves as gay and participate in the gay community, but do not participate in same-sex sexual activity
  2. Also people who do have same-sex sexual encounters, but do not identify themselves as gay
33
Q

The process of developing and accepting a homosexual identity has been referred to as ‘coming out.’
Studies suggest that homosexual behaviour does not automatically lead to a homosexual identity.
Weeks (1991) argues that ‘sexual identification is a strange thing and more complex than other aspects of identity’.
Weeks points out that there are people who identify themselves as gay and participate in the gay community, but do not participate in same-sex sexual activity and that there are also people who do have same-sex sexual encounters, but do not identify themselves as gay.
Example

A

For example, in Reiss’ 1961 study, Weeks found that:
1. Young male prostitutes
Or,
2. ‘Rent boys’
regarded themselves as heterosexual, despire having sex with men for money

34
Q

The process of developing and accepting a homosexual identity has been referred to as ‘coming out.’
Studies suggest that homosexual behaviour does not automatically lead to a homosexual identity.
Weeks (1991) argues that ‘sexual identification is a strange thing and more complex than other aspects of identity’.
Weeks points out that there are people who identify themselves as gay and participate in the gay community, but do not participate in same-sex sexual activity and that there are also people who do have same-sex sexual encounters, but do not identify themselves as gay.
For example, in Reiss’ 1961 study, Weeks found that young male prostitutes or ‘rent boys’ regarded themselves as heterosexual, despite having sex with men for money and they did what as a way of neutralising their behaviour?

A

For example, in Reiss’ 1961 study, Weeks found that young male prostitutes or ‘rent boys’:

  1. Regarded themselves as heterosexual, despite having sex with men for money
  2. Actively despised the men as a way of neutralising their behaviour
35
Q

Who (what year) argues that women’s sexuality is what?

A

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men

36
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men where?

A

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society

37
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through what?

A

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through:

  1. Institutions such as marriage
  2. Sexual violence and rape
  3. The sexual objectification of women
38
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through institutions such as marriage, through sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of women.
Taking a what perspective, Rich uses what term?

A

Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’

39
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through institutions such as marriage, through sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of women.
Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe what?

A

Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe the way that women are socialised into a:
1. Subordinate
2. Heterosexual
role

40
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through institutions such as marriage, through sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of women.
Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe the way that women are socialised into a subordinate and heterosexual role, ensuring what?

A

Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe the way that women are socialised into a:
1. Subordinate
2. Heterosexual
role, ensuring their availability to men

41
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through institutions such as marriage, through sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of women.
Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe the way that women are socialised into a subordinate and heterosexual role, ensuring their availability to men.
Rich believes that most women are not necessarily what?

A

Rich believes that most women are not necessarily inherently heterosexual

42
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through institutions such as marriage, through sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of women.
Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe the way that women are socialised into a subordinate and heterosexual role, ensuring their availability to men.
Rich believes that most women are not necessarily inherently heterosexual, but that this is what?

A

Rich believes that most women are not necessarily inherently heterosexual, but that this is forced upon them

43
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through institutions such as marriage, through sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of women.
Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe the way that women are socialised into a subordinate and heterosexual role, ensuring their availability to men.
Rich believes that most women are not necessarily inherently heterosexual, but that this is forced upon them and that lesbian existence is quite what?

A

Rich believes that:

  1. Most women are not necessarily inherently heterosexual, but that this is forced upon them
  2. Lesbian existence is quite distinct from homosexuality in men
44
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through institutions such as marriage, through sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of women.
Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe the way that women are socialised into a subordinate and heterosexual role, ensuring their availability to men.
Rich believes that most women are not necessarily inherently heterosexual, but that this is forced upon them and that lesbian existence is quite distinct from homosexuality in men, with little evidence of what?

A

Rich believes that:

  1. Most women are not necessarily inherently heterosexual, but that this is forced upon them
  2. Lesbian existence is quite distinct from homosexuality in men, with little evidence of anonymous promiscuity
45
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through institutions such as marriage, through sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of women.
Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe the way that women are socialised into a subordinate and heterosexual role, ensuring their availability to men.
Rich believes that most women are not necessarily inherently heterosexual, but that this is forced upon them and that lesbian existence is quite distinct from homosexuality in men, with little evidence of anonymous promiscuity and more focus on what?

A

Rich believes that:

  1. Most women are not necessarily inherently heterosexual, but that this is forced upon them
  2. Lesbian existence is quite distinct from homosexuality in men, with little evidence of anonymous promiscuity and more focus on empowerment and joy
46
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through institutions such as marriage, through sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of women.
Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe the way that women are socialised into a subordinate and heterosexual role, ensuring their availability to men.
Rich believes that most women are not necessarily inherently heterosexual, but that this is forced upon them and that lesbian existence is quite distinct from homosexuality in men, with little evidence of anonymous promiscuity and more focus on empowerment and joy.
Rich argues that lesbian identity has been what?

A

Rich argues that lesbian identity has been:
1. Written out of existence
Or,
2. Constructed as abnormal

47
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through institutions such as marriage, through sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of women.
Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe the way that women are socialised into a subordinate and heterosexual role, ensuring their availability to men.
Rich believes that most women are not necessarily inherently heterosexual, but that this is forced upon them and that lesbian existence is quite distinct from homosexuality in men, with little evidence of anonymous promiscuity and more focus on empowerment and joy.
Rich argues that lesbian identity has been written out of existence or constructed as abnormal, since it is a threat to what?

A

Rich argues that lesbian identity has been written out of existence or constructed as abnormal, since it is a threat to:

  1. Male dominance
  2. Power over women
48
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through institutions such as marriage, through sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of women.
Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe the way that women are socialised into a subordinate and heterosexual role, ensuring their availability to men.
Rich believes that most women are not necessarily inherently heterosexual, but that this is forced upon them and that lesbian existence is quite distinct from homosexuality in men, with little evidence of anonymous promiscuity and more focus on empowerment and joy.
Rich argues that lesbian identity has been written out of existence or constructed as abnormal, since it is a threat to male dominance and power over women.
Lesbianism is seen as abnormal or a what?

A

Lesbianism is seen as:
1. Abnormal
Or,
2. A ‘turn on’

49
Q

Rich (1980) argues that women’s sexuality is oppressed by men in patriarchal society, through institutions such as marriage, through sexual violence and rape and through the sexual objectification of women.
Taking a feminist perspective, Rich uses the term ‘compulsory heterosexuality’ to describe the way that women are socialised into a subordinate and heterosexual role, ensuring their availability to men.
Rich believes that most women are not necessarily inherently heterosexual, but that this is forced upon them and that lesbian existence is quite distinct from homosexuality in men, with little evidence of anonymous promiscuity and more focus on empowerment and joy.
Rich argues that lesbian identity has been written out of existence or constructed as abnormal, since it is a threat to male dominance and power over women.
Lesbianism is seen as abnormal or a ‘turn on,’ not a real what?

A 
Lesbianism is seen as:
1. Abnormal
Or,
2. A 'turn on'
,not a real empowerment movement
50
Q

Who (what year) partially supports McIntosh’s ideas?

A

Plummer (1996) partially supports McIntosh’s ideas

51
Q

Plummer (1996) partially supports McIntosh’s ideas, seeing homosexuality as a what?

A

Plummer (1996) partially supports McIntosh’s ideas, seeing homosexuality as a process

52
Q

Plummer (1996) partially supports McIntosh’s ideas, seeing homosexuality as a process and discussing the what?

A

Plummer (1996) partially supports McIntosh’s ideas:

  1. Seeing homosexuality as a process
  2. Discussing the ‘homosexual career’
53
Q

Plummer (1996) partially supports McIntosh’s ideas, seeing homosexuality as a process and discussing the ‘homosexual career,’ where what?

A

Plummer (1996) partially supports McIntosh’s ideas, seeing homosexuality as a process and discussing the ‘homosexual career,’ where a male who has accepted the label of homosexual will:

  1. Seek out others
  2. Join a subculture in which stereotypical homosexual characteristics become the norm
54
Q

In the UK, attitudes towards homosexuality have, at least publicly, changed enormously in the last 30 years, which is likely to have a big impact on sexuality and identity.
Homosexually is no longer classified as a what?

A

Homosexually is no longer classified as a ‘condition’

55
Q

In the UK, attitudes towards homosexuality have, at least publicly, changed enormously in the last 30 years, which is likely to have a big impact on sexuality and identity.
Homosexually is no longer classified as a ‘condition.’
The age of consent for sexual intercourse was what when?

A

The age of consent for sexual intercourse was equalised in 2000

56
Q

In the UK, attitudes towards homosexuality have, at least publicly, changed enormously in the last 30 years, which is likely to have a big impact on sexuality and identity.
Homosexually is no longer classified as a ‘condition.’
The age of consent for sexual intercourse was equalised in 2000 and the Equality Act 2010 makes it unlawful to do what?

A

The age of consent for sexual intercourse was equalised in 2000 and the Equality Act 2010 makes it unlawful to discriminate against any individual on the grounds of sexuality

57
Q

Sexual orientation

A 
Sexual orientation is a person's sexual attraction to the:
1. Same
2. Opposite
Or,
3. Both
sexes
58
Q

Sexual behaviour

A

Sexual behaviour is what a person does sexually

59
Q

Sexual behaviour is what a person does sexually.

This does not always match a person’s what?

A

Sexual behaviour does not always match a person’s sexual:
1. Identity
Or,
2. Orientation

60
Q

Homosexual relationships are still criminalised in how many countries?

A

Homosexual relationships are still criminalised in 72 countries

61
Q

Homosexual relationships are still criminalised in 72 countries.
How many countries have the death penalty?

A

8 countries have the death penalty

62
Q

When did homosexual marriage become legal in the UK?

A

Homosexual marriage became legal in the UK in 2013

Sociololgy A Level OCR (53 decks)

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