1.3: Gender and identity Flashcards
1
Q
Many would argue that gender is one of the most significant aspects of an individual’s what?
A
Many would argue that gender is one of the most significant aspects of an individual’s identity
2
Q
Many would argue that gender is one of the most significant aspects of an individual’s identity.
Whether you are male or female will have a huge effect on what?
A
Whether you are male or female will have a huge effect on how:
- You see yourself
- Others see and relate to you
3
Q
Gender identity is something that is what?
A
Gender identity is something that is:
- Fluid
- Changing
4
Q
Gender identity is something that is fluid and changing.
The way that women are what and the expectations surrounding what have all what in the last 100 years?
A
The way that women are seen and the expectations surrounding their: 1. Appearance 2. Behaviour 3. Roles have all changed in the last 100 years
5
Q
Gender identity is something that is fluid and changing.
The way that women are seen and the expectations surrounding their appearance, behaviour and roles have all changed in the last 100 years.
However, male identity is also changing and expectations of masculinity are also different where?
A
Male identity is also changing and expectations of masculinity are also different in today’s society
6
Q
Gender identity is something that is fluid and changing.
The way that women are seen and the expectations surrounding their appearance, behaviour and roles have all changed in the last 100 years.
However, male identity is also changing and expectations of masculinity are also different in today’s society.
Traditionally there were clear ideas of what was meant by femininity and masculinity, but today many would argue that there are what?
A
Traditionally there were clear ideas of what was meant by femininity and masculinity, but today many would argue that there are many ways to be a:
1. Woman
Or,
2. Man
7
Q
Sex
A
Sex is the biological status of a:
1. Male
Or,
2. Female
8
Q
Sex is the biological status of a male or female.
They are male or female by virtue of what?
A
They are male or female by virtue of:
- Certain reproductive organs
- Other biological characteristics
9
Q
Gender
A
Gender:
- Is the term to describe the expected behaviour for males and females
- Refers to learned behaviour and the social and cultural aspects of being either male or female
10
Q
Many feminists emphasise the distinction between what?
A
Many feminists emphasise the distinction between:
- Sex
- Gender
11
Q
Many feminists emphasise the distinction between sex and gender, originally proposed by who when?
A
Many feminists emphasise the distinction between:
1. Sex
2. Gender
,originally proposed by Robert Stroller in 1968
12
Q
Gender is the term to describe the expected behaviour for males and females and refers to learned behaviour and the social and cultural aspects of being either male or female.
Gender shapes how we think about ourselves in terms of our what?
A
Gender shapes how we think about ourselves in terms of our:
1. Masculinity
Or,
2. Femininity
13
Q
Gender is the term to describe the expected behaviour for males and females and refers to learned behaviour and the social and cultural aspects of being either male or female.
Gender shapes how we think about ourselves in terms of our masculinity or femininity.
Gender affects our what with other people and often determines the what we as men and women take on?
A
Gender:
- Affects our interactions with other people
- Often determines the roles we as men and women take on
14
Q
A woman’s ability to bear children is a what aspect of sex?
A
A woman’s ability to bear children is a biologically determined aspect of sex
15
Q
A woman’s ability to bear children is a biologically determined aspect of sex.
However, many feminists believe that the idea that women should also be responsible for doing what is a what gender role?
A
Many feminists believe that the idea that women should also be responsible for:
1. Feeding
2. Washing
3. Socialising
children is a culturally constructed gender role
16
Q
A woman’s ability to bear children is a biologically determined aspect of sex.
However, many feminists believe that the idea that women should also be responsible for feeding, washing and socialising children is a culturally constructed gender role.
A man’s biological make-up does not prevent him from doing what?
A
A man’s biological make-up does not prevent him from caring for a child
17
Q
A woman’s ability to bear children is a biologically determined aspect of sex.
However, many feminists believe that the idea that women should also be responsible for feeding, washing and socialising children is a culturally constructed gender role.
A man’s biological make-up does not prevent him from caring for a child any more than a woman’s biological make-up prevents her from doing what?
A
A man’s biological make-up does not prevent him from caring for a child any more than a woman’s biological make-up prevents her from having a paid job
18
Q
A woman’s ability to bear children is a biologically determined aspect of sex.
However, many feminists believe that the idea that women should also be responsible for feeding, washing and socialising children is a culturally constructed gender role.
A man’s biological make-up does not prevent him from caring for a child any more than a woman’s biological make-up prevents her from having a paid job.
Women’s and men’s different what roles reflect what?
A
Women’s and men’s different social roles reflect:
1. Cultural assumptions about gender
rather than
2. Biological differences of sex
19
Q
Aspects of behaviour that I feel are natural or biological (sex) include what?
A
Aspects of behaviour that I feel are natural or biological include:
- Menstrual cycles
- Pregnancies and childbearing
- Breastfeeding
20
Q
Aspects of behaviour that I feel are social or cultural (gender) include what?
A
Aspects of behaviour that I feel are social or cultural (gender) include:
- Women being more focused on their hair and makeup
- Women doing the housework
21
Q
The characteristics of the traditional feminine identity include what?
A
The characteristics of the traditional feminine identity include being:
- Caring
- Sensitive
- Expressive
- Obedient
- Organised
22
Q
The characteristics of the traditional feminine identity include being caring, sensitive, expressive, obedience and organised.
The roles of the traditional feminine identity include doing what?
A
The roles of the traditional feminine identity include:
- Having maternal instincts - Caring for and looking after children
- Doing the housework
23
Q
The characteristics of the traditional masculine identity include what?
A
The characteristics of the traditional masculine identity include being:
- Not good listeners
- Aggressive
- Insensitive
- Protective
24
Q
The characteristics of the traditional masculine identity include being not good listeners, aggressive, insensitive and protective.
The roles of the traditional masculine identity include what?
A
The roles of the traditional masculine identity include:
- Not understanding female struggles such as period cramps
- Playing sports
- Being the ‘breadwinner’ of the family
25
A stereotype
A stereotype is a simplified view of the features of a social group
26
A stereotype is a simplified view of the features of a social group.
A stereotype is a what view of men, women, girls and boys?
A stereotype is a generalised view of:
1. Men
2. Women
3. Girls
4. Boys
27
A stereotype is a simplified view of the features of a social group.
A stereotype is a generalised view of men, women, girls and boys.
The male stereotypes that we see in the media include that what?
The male stereotypes that we see in the media include that:
1. Sports is mainly male-dominated
2. Car adverts show mainly males
3. Male magazines are more intellectual
4. Males are portrayed as successful
5. Males are also portrayed as heroes
28
A stereotype is a simplified view of the features of a social group.
A stereotype is a generalised view of men, women, girls and boys.
The male stereotypes that we see in the media include that sports is mainly male-dominated, as the majority of people what, car adverts show mainly males, male magazines are more intellectual, males are portrayed as successful and males are also portrayed as heroes?
The male stereotypes that we see in the media include that:
1. Sports is mainly male-dominated, as the majority of people aren't entertained by and do not watch female football
2. Car adverts show mainly males
3. Male magazines are more intellectual
4. Males are portrayed as successful
5. Males are also portrayed as heroes
29
A stereotype is a simplified view of the features of a social group.
A stereotype is a generalised view of men, women, girls and boys.
The female stereotypes that we see in the media include that what?
The female stereotypes that we see in the media include that:
1. In nappy adverts like Pampers, women are shown caring for the children
2. Women are shown more in adverts for household items like washing machines
3. Female magazines are more to do with celebrities and cosmetics
30
Gender as a social what?
Gender as a social construct
31
Gender as a social construct.
| This idea relates back to what?
```
This idea relates back to the:
1. Nature
vs
2. Nurture
debate
```
32
Gender as a social construct.
This idea relates back to the nature vs nurture debate.
Though some argue that gender is based on what?
Though some argue that gender is based on biological differences between:
1. Males
2. Females
33
Gender as a social construct.
This idea relates back to the nature vs nurture debate.
Though some argue that gender is based on biological differences between males and females, most sociologists ague that gender is what?
Though some argue that gender is based on biological differences between:
1. Males
2. Females
,most sociologists ague that gender is socially constructed
34
The biological view is that who (what year) argues that the need to reproduce requires men to be what?
The biological view is that sociobiologist Wilson (1975) argues that the need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous
35
The biological view is that sociobiologist Wilson (1975) argues that the need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous - literally what?
The biological view is that sociobiologist Wilson (1975) argues that the need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous - literally 'spreading the seed'
36
Gender as a social construct.
This idea relates back to the nature vs nurture debate.
Though some argue that gender is based on biological differences between males and females, most sociologists ague that gender is socially constructed.
The biological view is that sociobiologist Wilson (1975) argues that the need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous - literally 'spreading the seed.'
Women, on the other hand, need to do what?
Women, on the other hand, need to:
1. Nurture one child
2. Stay faithful to the father of their child
37
The biological view is that sociobiologist Wilson (1975) argues that the need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous - literally 'spreading the seed.'
Women, on the other hand, need to nurture one child and stay faithful to the father of their child to ensure what?
Women, on the other hand, need to:
1. Nurture one child
2. Stay faithful to the father of their child to ensure his help in its upbringing
38
The functionalist view is that according to who (what year), females have what in the family?
The functionalist view is that according to Parsons (1955), females have an 'expressive role' in the family
39
The functionalist view is that according to Parsons (1955), females have an 'expressive role' in the family.
This is what?
This 'expressive role' in the family is:
1. Natural
2. Based on their childbearing role
40
The functionalist view is that according to Parsons (1955), females have an 'expressive role' in the family.
This is natural and based on their childbearing role, but it is reinforced by what?
This 'expressive role' in the family is:
1. Natural
2. Based on their childbearing role
,but it is reinforced by socialisation
41
The functionalist view is that according to Parsons (1955), females have an 'expressive role' in the family.
This is natural and based on their childbearing role, but it is reinforced by socialisation.
Males have what in the family?
Males have an 'instrumental role' in the family
42
The functionalist view is that according to Parsons (1955), females have an 'expressive role' in the family.
This is natural and based on their childbearing role, but it is reinforced by socialisation.
Males have an 'instrumental role' in the family, that of what?
Males have an 'instrumental role' in the family, that of:
1. Breadwinner
2. Protector
43
The functionalist view is that according to Parsons (1955), females have an 'expressive role' in the family.
This is natural and based on their childbearing role, but it is reinforced by socialisation.
Males have an 'instrumental role' in the family, that of breadwinner and protector.
This is also what?
This 'instrumental role' is also natural
44
The functionalist view is that according to Parsons (1955), females have an 'expressive role' in the family.
This is natural and based on their childbearing role, but it is reinforced by socialisation.
Males have an 'instrumental role' in the family, that of breadwinner and protector.
This is also natural, based on their what?
This is also natural, based on their physical strength
45
The functionalist view is that according to Parsons (1955), females have an 'expressive role' in the family.
This is natural and based on their childbearing role, but it is reinforced by socialisation.
Males have an 'instrumental role' in the family, that of breadwinner and protector.
This is also natural, based on their physical strength, but also reinforced through what?
This is also natural, based on their physical strength, but also reinforced through socialisation
46
The functionalist view is that according to Parsons (1955), females have an 'expressive role' in the family.
This is natural and based on their childbearing role, but it is reinforced by socialisation.
Males have an 'instrumental role' in the family, that of breadwinner and protector.
This is also natural, based on their physical strength, but also reinforced through socialisation.
These roles are functional for what?
These roles are functional for:
1. The family
2. Society
47
The functionalist view is that according to Parsons (1955), females have an 'expressive role' in the family.
This is natural and based on their childbearing role, but it is reinforced by socialisation.
Males have an 'instrumental role' in the family, that of breadwinner and protector.
This is also natural, based on their physical strength, but also reinforced through socialisation.
These roles are functional for the family and society.
However, most sociologists argue that gender, and therefore gender identities, are socially constructed, learned through what, but also what?
Most sociologists argue that gender, and therefore gender identities, are socially constructed, learned through socialisation, but also changeable
48
Most sociologists argue that gender, and therefore gender identities, are socially constructed, learned through socialisation, but also changeable.
The different gender roles in the what tribe studied by who suggests that gender identity, what it means to be male or female, is what rather than what?
The different gender roles in the Tchambuli tribe studied by Mead suggests that gender identity, what it means to be male or female, is:
1. Learned
rather than
2. Biologically determined
49
Feminists argue that gender identity is socially constructed by what?
Feminists argue that gender identity is socially constructed by patriarchal society
50
Feminists argue that gender identity is socially constructed by patriarchal society.
By this, they mean that male-dominated society does what?
By this, feminists mean that male-dominated society:
1. Creates
2. Reinforces
stereotypes of how males and females should be
51
Feminists argue that gender identity is socially constructed by patriarchal society.
By this, they mean that male-dominated society creates and reinforces stereotypes of how males and females should be.
It is not only the family that contributes to the social construction of gender.
The other agencies of socialisation may also reinforce what?
The other agencies of socialisation may also reinforce stereotypical expectations of gender roles
52
It is not only the family that contributes to the social construction of gender.
The other agencies of socialisation may also reinforce stereotypical expectations of gender roles.
For example, the peer group does what?
For example, the peer group:
1. Monitors
2. Regulates
acceptable behaviour for boys and girls from an early age
53
It is not only the family that contributes to the social construction of gender.
The other agencies of socialisation may also reinforce stereotypical expectations of gender roles.
For example, the peer group monitors and regulates acceptable behaviour for boys and girls from an early age.
Who (what year) studied friendship groups among teenage girls?
Hey (1997) studied friendship groups among teenage girls
54
It is not only the family that contributes to the social construction of gender.
The other agencies of socialisation may also reinforce stereotypical expectations of gender roles.
For example, the peer group monitors and regulates acceptable behaviour for boys and girls from an early age.
Hey (1997) studied friendship groups among teenage girls and looked at what?
Hey (1997) studied friendship groups among teenage girls and looked at:
1. The power the female peer group has over girls' behaviour
2. How the norms of the female peer group are deeply rooted in patriarchy and expectations of how girls should be
55
It is not only the family that contributes to the social construction of gender.
The other agencies of socialisation may also reinforce stereotypical expectations of gender roles.
For example, the peer group monitors and regulates acceptable behaviour for boys and girls from an early age.
Who (what year) explored how boys learn to be what where?
Mac an Ghaill (1994) explored how boys learn to be men in their peer groups at school
56
It is not only the family that contributes to the social construction of gender.
The other agencies of socialisation may also reinforce stereotypical expectations of gender roles.
For example, the peer group monitors and regulates acceptable behaviour for boys and girls from an early age.
Mac an Ghaill (1994) explored how boys learn to be men in their peer groups at school, policing what?
Mac an Ghaill (1994) explored how boys learn to be men in their peer groups at school, policing:
1. Their own
2. Others'
sexuality
57
It is not only the family that contributes to the social construction of gender.
The other agencies of socialisation may also reinforce stereotypical expectations of gender roles.
For example, the peer group monitors and regulates acceptable behaviour for boys and girls from an early age.
Mac an Ghaill (1994) explored how boys learn to be men in their peer groups at school, policing their own and others' sexuality.
What was the main source of identity for who?
Gender power was the main source of identity for the 'macho lads' identified by Mac an Ghaill
58
It is not only the family that contributes to the social construction of gender.
The other agencies of socialisation may also reinforce stereotypical expectations of gender roles.
For example, the peer group monitors and regulates acceptable behaviour for boys and girls from an early age.
Mac an Ghaill (1994) explored how boys learn to be men in their peer groups at school, policing their own and others' sexuality.
Gender power, based on what, was the main source of identity for the 'macho lads' identified by Mac an Ghaill?
Gender power, based on 'hyper-masculinity,' was the main source of identity for the 'macho lads' identified by Mac an Ghaill
59
It is not only the family that contributes to the social construction of gender.
The other agencies of socialisation may also reinforce stereotypical expectations of gender roles.
For example, the peer group monitors and regulates acceptable behaviour for boys and girls from an early age.
Mac an Ghaill (1994) explored how boys learn to be men in their peer groups at school, policing their own and others' sexuality.
Gender power, based on 'hyper-masculinity,' was the main source of identity for the 'macho lads' identified by Mac an Ghaill, who valued what?
Gender power, based on 'hyper-masculinity,' was the main source of identity for the 'macho lads' identified by Mac an Ghaill, who valued the '3Fs':
1. 'Fighting
2. Football
3. F***ing'
60
Arguably, there are a range of what identities available in the contemporary UK?
Arguably, there are a range of feminine identities available in the contemporary UK
61
Arguably, there are a range of feminine identities available in the contemporary UK, including what?
Arguably, there are a range of feminine identities available in the contemporary UK, including the:
1. Traditional
2. Less traditional
62
Arguably, there are a range of feminine identities available in the contemporary UK, including the traditional and the less traditional.
Example
For example:
1. Housewife and mother
,but also
2. Breadwinner, career woman and single mother
63
Arguably, there are a range of feminine identities available in the contemporary UK, including the traditional and the less traditional.
For example, housewife and mother, but also breadwinner, career woman and single mother.
However, even today, feminine identity is often related to a what role?
```
Even today, feminine identity is often related to a:
1. Submissive
Or,
2. Passive
role
```
64
Arguably, there are a range of feminine identities available in the contemporary UK, including the traditional and the less traditional.
For example, housewife and mother, but also breadwinner, career woman and single mother.
However, even today, feminine identity is often related to a submissive or passive role and associated with what?
Even today, feminine identity is often related to a submissive or passive role and associated with a lack of:
1. Self-confidence
2. Ambition
65
Arguably, there are a range of feminine identities available in the contemporary UK, including the traditional and the less traditional.
For example, housewife and mother, but also breadwinner, career woman and single mother.
However, even today, feminine identity is often related to a submissive or passive role and associated with a lack of self-confidence and ambition.
Feminists argue that this is what through socialisation?
Feminists argue that this is learned through socialisation
66
Arguably, there are a range of feminine identities available in the contemporary UK, including the traditional and the less traditional.
For example, housewife and mother, but also breadwinner, career woman and single mother.
However, even today, feminine identity is often related to a submissive or passive role and associated with a lack of self-confidence and ambition.
Feminists argue that this is learned through socialisation and there is evidence to suggest that this may be what, albeit slowly?
Feminists argue that this is learned through socialisation and there is evidence to suggest that this may be changing, albeit slowly
67
Gender role socialisation in the family:
| Who (what year) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation?
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation
68
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
She explains how children are what in 4 ways?
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways:
1. Manipulation
2. Canalisation
3. Verbal appellation
4. Different activities
69
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
1. Manipulation consists of what?
Manipulation consists of:
1. Encouraging behaviour that is seen as stereotypically acceptable for the child's gender
2. Discouraging behaviour that is not considered the norm and is seen as deviant
70
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
1. Manipulation consists of encouraging behaviour that is seen as stereotypically acceptable for the child's gender and discouraging behaviour that is not considered the norm and is seen as deviant.
Examples of manipulation include what?
Examples of manipulation include a mother:
1. Paying particular attention to girls' hair and clothes
Or,
2. Scolding her daughters more than her sons for getting dirty
71
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
2. Canalisation involves what?
Canalisation involves parents channelling their child's interests into:
1. Toys
2. Games
3. Activities
that are considered the norm for their gender
72
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
2. Canalisation involves parents channelling their child's interests into toys, games and activities that are considered the norm for their gender.
Examples of canalisation include what?
Examples of canalisation include:
1. Channelling girls into an interest in housework by giving them dolls, miniature kitchens and domestic appliances
2. Encouraging boys to play football
73
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
3. Verbal appellation refers to what?
```
Verbal appellation refers to giving children:
1. Nicknames
Or,
2. Pet names
that reinforce gender expectations
```
74
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
3. Verbal appellation refers to giving children nicknames or pet names that reinforce gender expectations, such as what?
Verbal appellation refers to giving children nicknames or pet names that reinforce gender expectations, such as:
1. 'Little monster' or 'Soldier' for boys
2. 'Good girl' or 'Daddy's little princess' for girls
75
```
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
4. Different activities is when parents or family members may encourage children to do what?
```
```
Different activities is when:
1. Parents
Or,
2. Family members
may encourage children to participate in activities around the home that reinforce stereotypes
```
76
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
4. Different activities is when parents or family members may encourage children to participate in activities around the home that reinforce stereotypes.
Example
For example, a:
1. Girl helping her mother in the kitchen with cooking and baking
2. Boy helping his father to clean and wash the car
77
'Laddishness' refers to what?
'Laddishness' refers to a specific form of masculine behaviour
78
'Laddishness' refers to a specific form of masculine behaviour, typically involving what?
'Laddishness' refers to a specific form of masculine behaviour, typically involving:
1. Sportiness
2. Hardness
3. Hanging out
4. Not being seen to be making an effort at school
79
'Laddishness' refers to a specific form of masculine behaviour, typically involving sportiness, hardness, hanging out and not being seen to be making an effort at school.
Who (what year) found that some girls, or 'ladettes,' also spent time doing what?
Jackson (2006) found that some girls, or 'ladettes,' also spent time:
1. Drinking and smoking
2. Swearing
3. Disrupting lessons
80
'Laddishness' refers to a specific form of masculine behaviour, typically involving sportiness, hardness, hanging out and not being seen to be making an effort at school.
Jackson (2006) found that some girls, or 'ladettes,' also spent time drinking and smoking, swearing and disrupting lessons, for fear of what?
Jackson (2006) found that some girls, or 'ladettes,' also spent time drinking and smoking, swearing and disrupting lessons, for fear of:
1. Doing otherwise
2. Being considered unpopular and 'uncool'
81
'Laddishness' refers to a specific form of masculine behaviour, typically involving sportiness, hardness, hanging out and not being seen to be making an effort at school.
Jackson (2006) found that some girls, or 'ladettes,' also spent time drinking and smoking, swearing and disrupting lessons, for fear of doing otherwise and being considered unpopular and 'uncool.'
Similarly, who (what year) looked at the increase in what?
Similarly, Denscombe (2001) looked at the increase in female risk-taking behaviour
82
Denscombe (2001) looked at the increase in female risk-taking behaviour, particularly what?
Denscombe (2001) looked at the increase in female risk-taking behaviour, particularly smoking
83
Denscombe (2001) looked at the increase in female risk-taking behaviour, particularly smoking, as being related to a what?
Denscombe (2001) looked at the increase in female risk-taking behaviour, particularly smoking, as being related to a 'ladette' culture
84
Denscombe (2001) looked at the increase in female risk-taking behaviour, particularly smoking, as being related to a 'ladette' culture, where young women want to be seen as what?
Denscombe (2001) looked at the increase in female risk-taking behaviour, particularly smoking, as being related to a 'ladette' culture, where young women want to be seen as anything but the stereotype of a woman
85
Who (what year) has argued that there are a range of what identities in the contemporary UK?
Robert Connell (1995) has argued that there are a range of masculine identities in the contemporary UK
86
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Robert Connell (1995) has argued that there are a range of masculine identities in the contemporary UK.
These masculine identities are what about how men should behave?
```
These masculine identities are socially constructed sets of expectations about how men should behave
87
```
Robert Connell (1995) has argued that there are a range of masculine identities in the contemporary UK.
These masculine identities are socially constructed sets of expectations about how men should behave.
These may differ according to what?
```
These may differ according to:
1. Class
2. Ethnicity
88
```
Robert Connell (1995) has argued that there are a range of masculine identities in the contemporary UK.
These masculine identities are socially constructed sets of expectations about how men should behave.
These may differ according to class and ethnicity.
Connell identifies how many types of masculinity?
```
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity:
1. Hegemonic (normative) masculinity
2. Complicit masculinity
3. Marginalised masculinity
4. Subordinate masculinity
89
```
Robert Connell (1995) has argued that there are a range of masculine identities in the contemporary UK.
These masculine identities are socially constructed sets of expectations about how men should behave.
These may differ according to class and ethnicity.
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Connell has argued that what masculinity is the most common and the one that is still reinforced most strongly?
```
Connell has argued that hegemonic masculinity is the:
1. Most common
2. One that is still reinforced most strongly
90
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Hegemonic masculinity:
Connell has argued that hegemonic masculinity is the most common and the one that is still reinforced most strongly.
Hegemonic masculinity is what masculinity?
Hegemonic masculinity is traditional masculinity
91
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Hegemonic masculinity:
Connell has argued that hegemonic masculinity is the most common and the one that is still reinforced most strongly.
Hegemonic masculinity is traditional masculinity.
Hegemonic masculinity is associated with what?
Hegemonic masculinity is associated with:
1. Male supremacy (power and authority)
2. Being macho and 'laddish' culture
3. Heterosexuality
4. Being dominant
5. Being the breadwinner
6. Aggression
92
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Hegemonic masculinity:
Connell has argued that hegemonic masculinity is the most common and the one that is still reinforced most strongly.
Hegemonic masculinity is traditional masculinity.
Hegemonic masculinity is associated with male supremacy (power and authority), being macho and 'laddish' culture, heterosexuality, being dominant, being the breadwinner and aggression.
Who (what year) argues that in what years they had what?
Nayak (2006) argues that in the:
1. 1950s
2. 1960s
they had 'body capital'
93
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Hegemonic masculinity:
Connell has argued that hegemonic masculinity is the most common and the one that is still reinforced most strongly.
Hegemonic masculinity is traditional masculinity.
Hegemonic masculinity is associated with male supremacy (power and authority), being macho and 'laddish' culture, heterosexuality, being dominant, being the breadwinner and aggression.
Nayak (2006) argues that in the 1950s and 1960s, they had 'body capital,' by which he means that they were seen as the main what and did what jobs?
Nayak (2006) argues that in the 1950s and 1960s, they had 'body capital,' by which he means that they:
1. Were seen as the main breadwinner
2. Did hard physical jobs
94
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Hegemonic masculinity:
Connell has argued that hegemonic masculinity is the most common and the one that is still reinforced most strongly.
Hegemonic masculinity is traditional masculinity.
Hegemonic masculinity is associated with male supremacy (power and authority), being macho and 'laddish' culture, heterosexuality, being dominant, being the breadwinner and aggression.
Nayak (2006) argues that in the 1950s and 1960s, they had 'body capital,' by which he means that they were the main breadwinner and did hard physical jobs.
As a result, they were able to opt out of what?
As a result, they were able to opt out of domestic duties
95
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Complicit masculinity:
Complicit masculinity is the what?
Complicit masculinity is the New Man
96
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Complicit masculinity:
Complicit masculinity is the New Man.
Complicit masculinity is associated with what?
Complicit masculinity is associated with:
1. Being gentle and caring
2. Being middle class
3. Taking on a shared role in the family
97
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Marginalised masculinity:
Connell has linked marginalised masculinity to what men?
Connell has linked marginalised masculinity to unemployed men
98
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Marginalised masculinity:
Connell has linked marginalised masculinity to unemployed men.
Marginalised masculinity is associated with what men, who struggle to do what in today's society?
Marginalised masculinity is associated with young working class men, who struggle to find work in today's society
99
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Marginalised masculinity:
Connell has linked marginalised masculinity to unemployed men.
Marginalised masculinity is associated with young working class men, who struggle to find work in today's society.
They have experienced what?
They have experienced a sense of loss
100
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Marginalised masculinity:
Connell has linked marginalised masculinity to unemployed men.
Marginalised masculinity is associated with young working class men, who struggle to find work in today's society.
They have experienced a sense of loss and they are concerned about what?
They:
1. Have experienced a sense of loss
2. Are concerned about finding a role for themselves
101
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Subordinate masculinity:
Connell has linked subordinate masculinity to what males?
Connell has linked subordinate masculinity to homosexual males
102
Connell has argued that hegemonic masculinity is the most common and the one that is still reinforced most strongly.
Other forms of masculinity he identifies are present, but not fully what?
Other forms of masculinity he identifies are present, but not fully accepted as 'real' masculinity
103
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Subordinate masculinity:
Connell has linked subordinate masculinity to homosexual males.
Subordinate masculinity is associated with homosexual men who are viewed as what?
Subordinate masculinity is associated with homosexual men who are viewed as behaving differently to the expectations of the hegemonic masculinity
104
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Another form of masculinity is the what man?
Another form of masculinity is the metrosexual man
105
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Another form of masculinity is the metrosexual man.
The name is derived from what?
The name is derived from:
1. Metropolitan
2. Sexual
106
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Another form of masculinity is the metrosexual man.
The name is derived from metropolitan and sexual.
The metrosexual man may be what?
```
The metrosexual man may be:
1. Gay
2. Heterosexual
Or,
2. Bisexual
```
107
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Another form of masculinity is the metrosexual man.
The name is derived from metropolitan and sexual.
The metrosexual man may be gay, heterosexual or bisexual.
The metrosexual man was coined when?
The metrosexual man was coined in 1994
108
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Another form of masculinity is the metrosexual man.
The name is derived from metropolitan and sexual.
The metrosexual man may be gay, heterosexual or bisexual.
The metrosexual man was coined in 1994 and describes a man who is what about his grooming and appearance?
The metrosexual man was coined in 1994 and describes a man who is especially meticulous about his:
1. Grooming
2. Appearance
109
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Another form of masculinity is the metrosexual man.
The name is derived from metropolitan and sexual.
The metrosexual man may be gay, heterosexual or bisexual.
The metrosexual man was coined in 1994 and describes a man (especially one living where) who is especially meticulous about his grooming and appearance?
The metrosexual man was coined in 1994 and describes a man (especially one living in an:
1. Urban
2. Post-industrial
3. Capitalist
culture) who is especially meticulous about his grooming and appearance
110
Connell identifies 4 types of masculinity - Hegemonic (normative) masculinity, complicit masculinity, marginalised masculinity and subordinate masculinity.
Another form of masculinity is the metrosexual man.
The name is derived from metropolitan and sexual.
The metrosexual man may be gay, heterosexual or bisexual.
The metrosexual man was coined in 1994 and describes a man (especially one living in an urban, post-industrial, capitalist culture) who is especially meticulous about his grooming and appearance, typically spending a significant amount of what on what as part of this?
The metrosexual man was coined in 1994 and describes a man (especially one living in an urban, post-industrial, capitalist culture) who is especially meticulous about his grooming and appearance, typically spending a significant amount of:
1. Time
2. Money
on shopping as part of this (consumer culture)
111
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
1. Manipulation consists of encouraging behaviour that is seen as stereotypically acceptable for the child's gender and discouraging behaviour that is not considered the norm and is seen as deviant.
Examples of manipulation include a mother paying particular attention to girls' hair and clothes or scolding her daughters more than her sons for getting dirty.
Manipulation is done through what?
Manipulation is done through:
1. Sanctions
2. So informal/formal social control
112
```
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model what, which shapes what?
```
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities
113
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
AO3:
This concept of gender identity socialisation is criticised for being what?
This concept of gender identity socialisation is criticised for being over-deterministic
114
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
AO3:
This concept of gender identity socialisation is criticised for being over-deterministic and painting a what picture of children?
This concept of gender identity socialisation is criticised for:
1. Being over-deterministic
2. Painting an over-socialised picture of children
115
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
AO3:
This concept of gender identity socialisation is criticised for being over-deterministic and painting an over-socialised picture of children.
Who points out that some males and females happily choose and accept their traditional gender roles?
Hakim points out that some males and females happily:
1. Choose
2. Accept
their traditional gender roles
116
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
AO3:
This concept of gender identity socialisation is criticised for being over-deterministic and painting an over-socialised picture of children.
Hakim points out that some males and females happily choose and accept their traditional gender roles.
Example
For example, some women:
1. Want
2. Enjoy
the role of mother and housewife
117
Who (what year) used the term of what to refer to the what felt by working-class men today?
Mac an Ghaill (1994) used the term of the 'crisis of masculinity' to refer to the insecurity felt by working-class men today
118
```
Mac an Ghaill (1994) used the term of the 'crisis of masculinity' to refer to the insecurity felt by working-class men today.
There has been a loss of the what identity?
```
There has been a loss of the 'breadwinner' identity
119
```
Mac an Ghaill (1994) used the term of the 'crisis of masculinity' to refer to the insecurity felt by working-class men today.
There has been a loss of the 'breadwinner' identity with the decline of what?
```
There has been a loss of the 'breadwinner' identity with the decline of traditional male industries
120
```
Mac an Ghaill (1994) used the term of the 'crisis of masculinity' to refer to the insecurity felt by working-class men today.
There has been a loss of the 'breadwinner' identity with the decline of traditional male industries, such as what?
```
```
There has been a loss of the 'breadwinner' identity with the decline of traditional male industries, such as:
1. Mining
2. Steel
3. Shipbuilding
4. Manufacturing
ect
```
121
Who (what year) researched working-class men where?
Canaan (1996) researched working-class men in Wolverhampton
122
```
Canaan (1996) researched working-class men in Wolverhampton.
She questioned both who?
```
Canaan questioned both those who were:
1. Employed
2. Long-term unemployed
123
```
Canaan (1996) researched working-class men in Wolverhampton.
She questioned both those who were employed and those who were long-term unemployed and found interesting what?
```
Canaan:
1. Questioned both those who were employed and those who were long-term unemployed
2. Found interesting differences in their views of masculinity
124
```
Canaan (1996) researched working-class men in Wolverhampton.
She questioned both those who were employed and those who were long-term unemployed and found interesting differences in their views of masculinity.
When Canaan asked them, ''What is the most important thing about being a man?'', the men who had jobs gave fairly predictable responses relating to what?
```
When Canaan asked them, ''What is the most important thing about being a man?'', the men who had jobs gave fairly predictable responses relating to:
1. Fighting
2. Drinking
3. Sexual conquests
125
```
Canaan (1996) researched working-class men in Wolverhampton.
She questioned both those who were employed and those who were long-term unemployed and found interesting differences in their views of masculinity.
When Canaan asked them, ''What is the most important thing about being a man?'', the men who had jobs gave fairly predictable responses relating to fighting, drinking and sexual conquests.
However, the men who were unemployed said that what was the most important thing?
```
The men who were unemployed said that having a job was the most important thing
126
```
Canaan (1996) researched working-class men in Wolverhampton.
She questioned both those who were employed and those who were long-term unemployed and found interesting differences in their views of masculinity.
When Canaan asked them, ''What is the most important thing about being a man?'', the men who had jobs gave fairly predictable responses relating to fighting, drinking and sexual conquests.
However, the men who were unemployed said that having a job was the most important thing and that they felt what due to their unemployment?
```
The men who were unemployed said that:
1. Having a job was the most important thing
2. They felt emasculated due to their unemployment
127
The biological view is that sociobiologist Wilson (1975) argues that the need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous - literally 'spreading the seed.'
Women, on the other hand, need to nurture one child and stay faithful to the father of their child to ensure his help in its upbringing.
Another sociobiologist, who, says that history shows that what?
Another sociobiologist, Fox, says that history shows that:
1. Men are born to be hunters
,whereas
2. Females are born to be nurturers
128
The biological view is that sociobiologist Wilson (1975) argues that the need to reproduce requires men to be more promiscuous - literally 'spreading the seed.'
Women, on the other hand, need to nurture one child and stay faithful to the father of their child to ensure his help in its upbringing.
Another sociobiologist, Fox, says that history shows that men are born to be hunters, whereas females are born to be nurturers.
Fox agrees with what?
Fox agrees with Wilson's biological view
129
The functionalist view is that according to Parsons (1955), females have an 'expressive role' in the family.
This is natural and based on their childbearing role, but it is reinforced by socialisation.
Males have an 'instrumental role' in the family, that of breadwinner and protector.
This is also natural, based on their physical strength, but also reinforced through socialisation.
These roles are functional for the family and society.
AO3:
There is a huge what in this?
There is a huge decline in this
130
The functionalist view is that according to Parsons (1955), females have an 'expressive role' in the family.
This is natural and based on their childbearing role, but it is reinforced by socialisation.
Males have an 'instrumental role' in the family, that of breadwinner and protector.
This is also natural, based on their physical strength, but also reinforced through socialisation.
These roles are functional for the family and society.
AO3:
There is a huge decline in this, as more families have what?
There is a huge decline in this, as more families have both the:
1. Mother
2. Father
working
131
The different gender roles in the Tchambuli tribe studied by Mead suggests that gender identity, what it means to be male or female, is learned rather than biologically determined.
What is gender as a result?
Gender is:
1. Socially constructed
2. Relative
as a result
132
The different gender roles in the Tchambuli tribe studied by Mead suggests that gender identity, what it means to be male or female, is learned rather than biologically determined.
Gender is socially constructed and relative as a result, since it differs between what?
Gender is socially constructed and relative as a result, since it differs between:
1. Cultures
2. Societies
133
The different gender roles in the Tchambuli tribe studied by Mead suggests that gender identity, what it means to be male or female, is learned rather than biologically determined.
Gender is socially constructed and relative as a result, since it differs between cultures and societies.
Example
For example, gender doesn't even exist in some places
134
Who carried out research in the 1970s and studied the what magazine?
McRobbie:
1. Carried out research in the 1970s
2. Studied the 'Just 17' magazine
135
McRobbie carried out research in the 1970s and studied the 'Just 17' magazine and discovered that the media's portrayal of what women should like/look like is what?
McRobbie carried out research in the 1970s and studied the 'Just 17' magazine and discovered that the media's portrayal of what women should like/look like is:
1. Slim
2. Blonde
136
McRobbie carried out research in the 1970s and studied the 'Just 17' magazine and discovered that the media's portrayal of what women should like/look like is slim and blonde and therefore came up with the term of what?
McRobbie:
1. Carried out research in the 1970s and studied the 'Just 17' magazine
2. Discovered that the media's portrayal of what women should like/look like is slim and blonde
3. Therefore came up with the term of 'slimblondeness'
137
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
AO3:
This concept of gender identity socialisation is criticised for being over-deterministic and painting an over-socialised picture of children.
Hakim points out that some males and females happily choose and accept their traditional gender roles.
For example, some women want and enjoy the role of mother and housewife.
The emergence of the what helping at home and with childcare, ect?
The emergence of the 'New Man' helping:
1. At home
2. With childcare
,ect
138
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
AO3:
This concept of gender identity socialisation is criticised for being over-deterministic and painting an over-socialised picture of children.
Hakim points out that some males and females happily choose and accept their traditional gender roles.
For example, some women want and enjoy the role of mother and housewife.
The emergence of the 'New Man' helping at home and with childcare, ect.
There is an increase in what?
There is an increase in 'househusbands'
139
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
AO3:
This concept of gender identity socialisation is criticised for being over-deterministic and painting an over-socialised picture of children.
Hakim points out that some males and females happily choose and accept their traditional gender roles.
For example, some women want and enjoy the role of mother and housewife.
The emergence of the 'New Man' helping at home and with childcare, ect.
There is an increase in 'househusbands.'
There are more laws such as the what that do what to women at work?
There are more laws such as the:
1. Sex Discrimination Act
2. Equal Pay Act
that support women at work
140
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
AO3:
This concept of gender identity socialisation is criticised for being over-deterministic and painting an over-socialised picture of children.
Hakim points out that some males and females happily choose and accept their traditional gender roles.
For example, some women want and enjoy the role of mother and housewife.
The emergence of the 'New Man' helping at home and with childcare, ect.
There is an increase in 'househusbands.'
There are more laws such as the Sex Discrimination Act and the Equal Pay Act that support women at work.
There is also now more equality in how we do what our children?
There is also now more equality in how we raise our children
141
Gender role socialisation in the family - Oakley (1981):
Ann Oakley (1981) is a feminist who argues that gender roles are socially constructed through socialisation.
Adults model gender-appropriate behaviour, which shapes the formation of gender identities.
Oakley explains how children are socialised into their gender roles by their families in 4 ways - Manipulation, canalisation, verbal appellation and different activities.
AO3:
This concept of gender identity socialisation is criticised for being over-deterministic and painting an over-socialised picture of children.
Hakim points out that some males and females happily choose and accept their traditional gender roles.
For example, some women want and enjoy the role of mother and housewife.
The emergence of the 'New Man' helping at home and with childcare, ect.
There is an increase in 'househusbands.'
There are more laws such as the Sex Discrimination Act and the Equal Pay Act that support women at work.
There is also now more equality in how we raise our children and there is more what and less what?
There is also now more equality in how we raise our children and there is:
1. More independence
2. Less gender stereotypes
142
AO3 of gender identities:
| Postmodernists' view on gender identities is that gender is what?
Postmodernists' view on gender identities is that gender is:
1. Fluid
2. Changing
143
AO3 of gender identities:
Postmodernists' view on gender identities:
1. Gender is fluid and changing.
This means that you can change your what?
This means that you can change your gender - transgender
144
AO3 of gender identities:
Postmodernists' view on gender identities:
1. Gender is fluid and changing.
This means that you can change your gender - transgender.
For example, Bruce Jenner now being Caitlyn Jenner.
2. What are changing?
1. Stereotypes
2. Expectations
are changing
145
AO3 of gender identities:
Postmodernists' view on gender identities:
1. Gender is fluid and changing.
This means that you can change your gender - transgender.
For example, Bruce Jenner now being Caitlyn Jenner.
2. Stereotypes and expectations are changing.
3. The media is constantly doing what?
The media is constantly redefining what 'gender' means
146
AO3 of gender identities:
Postmodernists' view on gender identities:
1. Gender is fluid and changing.
This means that you can change your gender - transgender.
Example
For example, Bruce Jenner now being Caitlyn Jenner
147
AO3 of gender identities:
Postmodernists' view on gender identities:
1. Gender is fluid and changing.
This means that you can change your gender - transgender.
For example, Bruce Jenner now being Caitlyn Jenner.
2. Stereotypes and expectations are changing.
3. The media is constantly redefining what 'gender' means.
4. You can choose what?
You can choose what gender you want to be
148
AO3 of gender identities:
Postmodernists' view on gender identities:
1. Gender is fluid and changing.
This means that you can change your gender - transgender.
For example, Bruce Jenner now being Caitlyn Jenner.
2. Stereotypes and expectations are changing.
3. The media is constantly redefining what 'gender' means.
4. You can choose what gender you want to be.
5. Gender is no longer what?
Gender is no longer fixed
149
AO3 of gender identities:
Postmodernists' view on gender identities:
1. Gender is fluid and changing.
This means that you can change your gender - transgender.
For example, Bruce Jenner now being Caitlyn Jenner.
2. Stereotypes and expectations are changing.
3. The media is constantly redefining what 'gender' means.
4. You can choose what gender you want to be.
5. Gender is no longer fixed.
You don't need a what?
You don't need a gender - you can be agender
150
AO3 of gender identities:
Postmodernists' view on gender identities:
1. Gender is fluid and changing.
This means that you can change your gender - transgender.
For example, Bruce Jenner now being Caitlyn Jenner.
2. Stereotypes and expectations are changing.
3. The media is constantly redefining what 'gender' means.
4. You can choose what gender you want to be.
5. Gender is no longer fixed.
You don't need a gender - you can be agender.
6. You can what gender?
You can:
1. Pick
2. Mix
gender
151
AO3 of gender identities:
| You can get other gender identities, such as what?
You can get other gender identities, such as:
1. Agender
2. Transgender
3. Bigender
