1.2: The nature/nurture debate Flashcards
Culture (and therefore norms and values associated with culture) is learned.
Socialisation is the process of learning the norms and values of society.
One example is to consider what?
One example is to consider how we expect:
1. Men
2. Women
to behave in our culture
Culture (and therefore norms and values associated with culture) is learned.
Socialisation is the process of learning the norms and values of society.
One example is to consider how we expect men and women to behave in our culture.
We are what into our gender roles?
We are socialised into our gender roles
Culture (and therefore norms and values associated with culture) is learned.
Socialisation is the process of learning the norms and values of society.
One example is to consider how we expect men and women to behave in our culture.
We are socialised into our gender roles.
What does this mean?
This means that they are learned
What has made you the person you are?
Is it your genes (nature) or your upbringing (nurture)?
This has been debated for many years.
Most sociologists would argue that nurture is more important than nature.
Some aspects of culture are clearly learned, because we are not born knowing what?
Some aspects of culture are clearly learned, because we are not born knowing:
- Norms
- Values
Some aspects of culture are clearly learned, because we are not born knowing norms and values.
Norms and values vary between and within different societies and they also change over time.
However, what about other ‘human’ characteristics, such as what?
What about other ‘human’ characteristics, such as:
- Walking upright
- Chewing food
- Being social with others?
Some aspects of culture are clearly learned, because we are not born knowing norms and values.
Norms and values vary between and within different societies and they also change over time.
However, what about gender differences, such as what?
What about gender differences, such as:
- Males being more aggressive and competitive
- Females being more emotional
Some aspects of culture are clearly learned, because we are not born knowing norms and values.
Norms and values vary between and within different societies and they also change over time.
However, what about personality traits, such as what?
What about personality traits, such as:
- Intelligence
- Aggression
- Kindness
Some aspects of culture are clearly learned, because we are not born knowing norms and values.
Norms and values vary between and within different societies and they also change over time.
However, what about other ‘human’ characteristics, such as walking upright, chewing food and being social with others?
What about personality traits, such as intelligence, aggression and kindness?
What about gender differences, such as males being more aggressive and competitive and females being more emotional?
Are these things natural, or are they learned?
It is very hard to prove how much of your behaviour is what and how much is what?
It is very hard to prove how much of your behaviour is: 1. Biological Or, 2. Innate and how much is learned
Some aspects of culture are clearly learned, because we are not born knowing norms and values.
Norms and values vary between and within different societies and they also change over time.
However, what about other ‘human’ characteristics, such as walking upright, chewing food and being social with others?
What about personality traits, such as intelligence, aggression and kindness?
What about gender differences, such as males being more aggressive and competitive and females being more emotional?
Are these things natural, or are they learned?
It is very hard to prove how much of your behaviour is biological, or innate and how much is learned, because most people are brought up by who?
It is very hard to prove how much of your behaviour is:
1. Biological
Or,
2. Innate
and how much is learned, because most people are brought up by their biological parents
The difference between biological and social factors is sometimes described as the nature vs nurture debate, the extent to which what?
The difference between biological and social factors is sometimes described as the nature vs nurture debate, the extent to which:
1. Natural inborn factors influence an individual’s life chances
compared with
2. The influence of social factors that society itself creates
Supporters of nature argue that our genes are a major influence on what?
Supporters of nature argue that genes are a major influence on:
- Our intelligence and behaviour
- Therefore our culture
Supporters of nurture argue that what are learned through what?
Supporters of nurture argue that our: 1. Intelligence 2. Behaviour 3. Culture are learned through a complex process known as socialisation
Feral children
Feral children are children who have grown up without the usual:
1. Human parenting
Or,
2. Socialisation processes
Feral children are children who have grown up without the usual human parenting or socialisation processes.
This includes no, or little, experience of what?
This includes no, or little, experience of:
- Human care
- Loving or social behaviour
- Crucially, of human language
What does the world ‘feral’ mean?
The word ‘feral’ means:
1. Wild
Or,
2. Undomesticated
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
Oxana had what parents?
Oxana had alcoholic parents
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
Oxana had alcoholic parents.
From how old until she was how many years old, she lived where with who?
From 3 years old until she was 8 years old, Oxana lived in kennels with dogs
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
Oxana had alcoholic parents.
From 3 years old until she was 8 years old, Oxana lived in kennels with dogs.
What did Oxana copy?
Oxana copied the habits of dogs -
- Walking on all fours
- Biting
- Barking
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
Oxana had alcoholic parents.
From 3 years old until she was 8 years old, Oxana lived in kennels with dogs.
Oxana copied the habits of dogs - Walking on all fours, biting and barking.
The dogs did what when she was younger?
The dogs breastfed her when she was younger
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
Oxana had alcoholic parents.
From 3 years old until she was 8 years old, Oxana lived in kennels with dogs.
Oxana copied the habits of dogs - Walking on all fours, biting and barking.
The dogs breastfed her when she was younger and then did what when she got older?
The dogs:
- Breastfed her when she was younger
- Then shared their food with her when she got older
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
Oxana had alcoholic parents.
From 3 years old until she was 8 years old, Oxana lived in kennels with dogs.
Oxana copied the habits of dogs - Walking on all fours, biting and barking.
The dogs breastfed her when she was younger and then shared their food with her when she got older.
Could Oxana speak?
Oxana:
1. Couldn’t speak
Or,
2. Hardly spoke
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
Oxana had alcoholic parents.
From 3 years old until she was 8 years old, Oxana lived in kennels with dogs.
Oxana copied the habits of dogs - Walking on all fours, biting and barking.
The dogs breastfed her when she was younger and then shared their food with her when she got older.
Oxana couldn’t speak, or hardly spoke, but did what later on?
Oxana: 1. Couldn't speak Or, 2. Hardly spoke ,but learnt it later on
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
Oxana had alcoholic parents.
From 3 years old until she was 8 years old, Oxana lived in kennels with dogs.
Oxana copied the habits of dogs - Walking on all fours, biting and barking.
The dogs breastfed her when she was younger and then shared their food with her when she got older.
Oxana couldn’t speak, or hardly spoke, but learnt it later on.
This story was widely reported some years ago, but later evidence does what?
This story was widely reported some years ago, but later evidence casts doubts on its credibility
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
Oxana had alcoholic parents.
From 3 years old until she was 8 years old, Oxana lived in kennels with dogs.
Oxana copied the habits of dogs - Walking on all fours, biting and barking.
The dogs breastfed her when she was younger and then shared their food with her when she got older.
Oxana couldn’t speak, or hardly spoke, but learnt it later on.
This story was widely reported some years ago, but later evidence casts doubts on its credibility.
Footage of her where was released and she was running on all fours and barking?
Footage of Oxana in a children’s home in the Ukraine was released and she was:
- Running on all fours
- Barking
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
Oxana had alcoholic parents.
From 3 years old until she was 8 years old, Oxana lived in kennels with dogs.
Oxana copied the habits of dogs - Walking on all fours, biting and barking.
The dogs breastfed her when she was younger and then shared their food with her when she got older.
Oxana couldn’t speak, or hardly spoke, but learnt it later on.
This story was widely reported some years ago, but later evidence casts doubts on its credibility.
Footage of Oxana in a children’s home in the Ukraine was released and she was running on all fours and barking.
Her parents were blamed for abuse.
However, later evidence suggests that actually some of this behaviour may have been learned where?
Later evidence suggests that actually some of this behaviour may have been learned in the children’s home itself
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
Oxana had alcoholic parents.
From 3 years old until she was 8 years old, Oxana lived in kennels with dogs.
Oxana copied the habits of dogs - Walking on all fours, biting and barking.
The dogs breastfed her when she was younger and then shared their food with her when she got older.
Oxana couldn’t speak, or hardly spoke, but learnt it later on.
This story was widely reported some years ago, but later evidence casts doubts on its credibility.
Footage of Oxana in a children’s home in the Ukraine was released and she was running on all fours and barking.
Her parents were blamed for abuse.
However, later evidence suggests that actually some of this behaviour may have been learned in the children’s home itself, where care was what?
Later evidence suggests that actually some of this behaviour may have been learned in the children’s home itself, where care was allegedly very poor
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
From 3 years old until she was 8 years old, Oxana lived in kennels with dogs.
This story was widely reported some years ago, but later evidence casts doubts on its credibility.
Footage of Oxana in a children’s home in the Ukraine was released and she was running on all fours and barking.
Her parents were blamed for abuse.
However, later evidence suggests that actually some of this behaviour may have been learned in the children’s home itself, where care was allegedly very poor.
It is also alleged that the dog-like behaviour seen had already been what by the time the famous footage was shot?
It is also alleged that the dog-like behaviour seen had already been ‘unlearned’ by the time the famous footage was shot
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
From 3 years old until she was 8 years old, Oxana lived in kennels with dogs.
This story was widely reported some years ago, but later evidence casts doubts on its credibility.
Footage of Oxana in a children’s home in the Ukraine was released and she was running on all fours and barking.
Her parents were blamed for abuse.
However, later evidence suggests that actually some of this behaviour may have been learned in the children’s home itself, where care was allegedly very poor.
It is also alleged that the dog-like behaviour seen had already been ‘unlearned’ by the time the famous footage was shot and that Oxana was asked to do what?
It is also alleged that:
- The dog-like behaviour seen had already been ‘unlearned’ by the time the famous footage was shot
- Oxana was asked to put it on for the cameras
Case study 1, Oxana Malaya:
From 3 years old until she was 8 years old, Oxana lived in kennels with dogs.
This story was widely reported some years ago, but later evidence casts doubts on its credibility.
Footage of Oxana in a children’s home in the Ukraine was released and she was running on all fours and barking.
Clearly some time in Oxana’s childhood was spent with dogs, but the true sequence of events may never be known.
Oxana can now do what?
Oxana can now:
1. Walk
2. Talk
normally
Resocialisation
Resocialisation is the process of learning new:
1. Attitudes
2. Norms
required for a new social role
Case study 2, France Victor:
Victor was difficult to control.
It took him months to learn how to use a plate and a spoon, for example, and what they were.
A therapist resocialised him.
Through the resocialisation period, Victor showed and learnt what?
Through the resocialisation period, Victor showed and learnt real:
- Empathy
- Understanding
Case study 2, France Victor:
Victor was difficult to control.
It took him months to learn how to use a plate and a spoon, for example, and what they were.
A therapist resocialised him.
Through the resocialisation period, Victor showed and learnt real empathy and understanding.
Example
For example, Victor:
- Realised his mistake of laying an extra plate on the dinner table after his carer’s husband had passed away
- Comforted her when she was visibly upset (crying) because of it
Case study 2, France Victor:
Victor was difficult to control.
It took him months to learn how to use a plate and a spoon, for example, and what they were.
A therapist resocialised him.
Through the resocialisation period, Victor showed and learnt real empathy and understanding.
However, the therapist who had tried so hard to ‘save’ Victor had abandoned him, because what?
The therapist who had tried so hard to ‘save’ Victor had abandoned him, because Victor:
- Couldn’t learn the vowel sounds
- So couldn’t talk properly
Case study 3, animal experiments:
Who did an experiment with his son, who, and what?
Kellog did an experiment with:
- His son, Donald
- A chimpanzee called Gua
Case study 3, animal experiments:
Kellog did an experiment with his son, Donald, and a chimpanzee called Gua.
Donald was picking up on what?
Donald was picking up on a lot of the chimpanzee’s:
- Behaviours
- Sounds
Case study 3, animal experiments:
Kellog did an experiment with his son, Donald, and a chimpanzee called Gua.
Donald was picking up on a lot of the chimpanzee’s behaviours and sounds, such as what?
Donald was picking up on a lot of the chimpanzee’s:
1. Behaviours
2. Sounds
,such as yelps
Case study 3, animal experiments:
Kellog did an experiment with his son, Donald, and a chimpanzee called Gua.
Donald was picking up on a lot of the chimpanzee’s behaviours and sounds, such as yelps.
This did what?
This concerned Kellog greatly
Case study 3, animal experiments:
Kellog did an experiment with his son, Donald, and a chimpanzee called Gua.
Donald was picking up on a lot of the chimpanzee’s behaviours and sounds, such as yelps.
This concerned Kellog greatly and so he did what?
This concerned Kellog greatly and so he stopped the experiment
Case study 4, Genie:
Genie is one of the most famous cases of what?
Genie is one of the most famous cases of privation
Case study 4, Genie:
Genie is one of the most famous cases of privation, a child who had what until the age of 13?
Genie is one of the most famous cases of privation, a child who had almost no human contact at all until the age of 13
Case study 4, Genie:
Genie is one of the most famous cases of privation, a child who had almost no human contact at all until the age of 13.
She, unlike the other examples, was not ‘raised’ by animals, but rather just shut in a room on her own.
The room was completely dark with all the blinds shut.
She was strapped to what and given virtually no what for over 10 years?
Genie was:
- Strapped to a ‘potty chair’
- Given virtually no human interaction or stimulation at all for over 10 years
Case study 4, Genie:
Genie is one of the most famous cases of privation, a child who had almost no human contact at all until the age of 13.
She, unlike the other examples, was not ‘raised’ by animals, but rather just shut in a room on her own.
The room was completely dark with all the blinds shut.
Genie was strapped to a ‘potty chair’ and given virtually no human interaction or stimulation at all for over 10 years.
She was in complete what and never was taught to do what?
Genie:
- Was in complete isolation
- Never was taught to speak
Case study 4, Genie:
Genie is one of the most famous cases of privation, a child who had almost no human contact at all until the age of 13.
She, unlike the other examples, was not ‘raised’ by animals, but rather just shut in a room on her own.
The room was completely dark with all the blinds shut.
Genie was strapped to a ‘potty chair’ and given virtually no human interaction or stimulation at all for over 10 years.
She was in complete isolation and never was taught to speak.
During the resocialisation period, she was delighted by the world around her.
Her father claimed he was protecting her, because she was mentally retarded, but it is unclear what?
Her father claimed he was protecting her, because she was mentally retarded, but it is unclear whether this was actually a result of the isolation
Case study 4, Genie:
Genie is one of the most famous cases of privation, a child who had almost no human contact at all until the age of 13.
She, unlike the other examples, was not ‘raised’ by animals, but rather just shut in a room on her own.
The room was completely dark with all the blinds shut.
Genie was strapped to a ‘potty chair’ and given virtually no human interaction or stimulation at all for over 10 years.
She was in complete isolation and never was taught to speak.
During the resocialisation period, she was delighted by the world around her.
Her father claimed he was protecting her, because she was mentally retarded, but it is unclear whether this was actually a result of the isolation.
However, it was clear that she was not mentally deficient, or retarded, because she what?
It was clear that Genie was not: 1. Mentally deficient Or, 2. Retarded ,because she learnt words rapidly
Case study 4, Genie:
Genie is one of the most famous cases of privation, a child who had almost no human contact at all until the age of 13.
She, unlike the other examples, was not ‘raised’ by animals, but rather just shut in a room on her own.
The room was completely dark with all the blinds shut.
Genie was strapped to a ‘potty chair’ and given virtually no human interaction or stimulation at all for over 10 years.
She was in complete isolation and never was taught to speak.
During the resocialisation period, she was delighted by the world around her.
Her father claimed he was protecting her, because she was mentally retarded, but it is unclear whether this was actually a result of the isolation.
However, it was clear that she was not mentally deficient, or retarded, because she learnt words rapidly, but what about what?
It was clear that she was not mentally deficient, or retarded, because she learnt words rapidly, but what about:
1. Grammar
2. Sentences
?
Case study 4, Genie:
Genie is one of the most famous cases of privation, a child who had almost no human contact at all until the age of 13.
She, unlike the other examples, was not ‘raised’ by animals, but rather just shut in a room on her own.
The room was completely dark with all the blinds shut.
Genie was strapped to a ‘potty chair’ and given virtually no human interaction or stimulation at all for over 10 years.
She was in complete isolation and never was taught to speak.
During the resocialisation period, she was delighted by the world around her.
Her father claimed he was protecting her, because she was mentally retarded, but it is unclear whether this was actually a result of the isolation.
However, it was clear that she was not mentally deficient, or retarded, because she learnt words rapidly, but what about grammar and sentences?
She never learned to speak how?
Genie never learned to speak fluently
Case study 4, Genie:
Genie is one of the most famous cases of privation, a child who had almost no human contact at all until the age of 13.
She, unlike the other examples, was not ‘raised’ by animals, but rather just shut in a room on her own.
The room was completely dark with all the blinds shut.
Genie was strapped to a ‘potty chair’ and given virtually no human interaction or stimulation at all for over 10 years.
She was in complete isolation and never was taught to speak.
During the resocialisation period, she was delighted by the world around her.
Her father claimed he was protecting her, because she was mentally retarded, but it is unclear whether this was actually a result of the isolation.
However, it was clear that she was not mentally deficient, or retarded, because she learnt words rapidly, but what about grammar and sentences?
She never learned to speak fluently and spent her life where?
Genie:
- Never learned to speak fluently
- Spent her life in institutional care
Case study 5, Edik:
Edik was a how old boy?
Edik was a 4 year old boy
Case study 5, Edik:
Edik was a 4 year old boy found where when?
Edik was a 4 year old boy found in a deserted flat in Ukraine in 1999
Case study 5, Edik:
Edik was a 4 year old boy found in a deserted flat in Ukraine in 1999 with who nowhere to be seen?
Edik was a 4 year old boy found in a deserted flat in Ukraine in 1999 with his alcoholic mother nowhere to be seen
Case study 5, Edik:
Edik was a 4 year old boy found in a deserted flat in Ukraine in 1999 with his alcoholic mother nowhere to be seen.
His sister was cared for by neighbours, but Edik had to look elsewhere for what?
His sister was cared for by neighbours, but Edik had to look elsewhere for:
- Love
- Affection
Case study 5, Edik:
Edik was a 4 year old boy found in a deserted flat in Ukraine in 1999 with his alcoholic mother nowhere to be seen.
His sister was cared for by neighbours, but Edik had to look elsewhere for love and affection.
Edik turned to stray dogs for what?
Edik turned to stray dogs for protection
Case study 5, Edik:
Edik was a 4 year old boy found in a deserted flat in Ukraine in 1999 with his alcoholic mother nowhere to be seen.
His sister was cared for by neighbours, but Edik had to look elsewhere for love and affection.
Edik turned to stray dogs for protection and he played with who?
Edik:
- Turned to stray dogs for protection
- Played with dogs
Case study 5, Edik:
Edik was a 4 year old boy found in a deserted flat in Ukraine in 1999 with his alcoholic mother nowhere to be seen.
His sister was cared for by neighbours, but Edik had to look elsewhere for love and affection.
Edik turned to stray dogs for protection and he played with dogs.
The animal behaviour that Edik learnt included what?
The animal behaviour that Edik learnt included:
1. Scratching
2. Biting
younger kids
Case study 5, Edik:
Edik was a 4 year old boy found in a deserted flat in Ukraine in 1999 with his alcoholic mother nowhere to be seen.
His sister was cared for by neighbours, but Edik had to look elsewhere for love and affection.
Edik turned to stray dogs for protection and he played with dogs.
The animal behaviour that Edik learnt included scratching and biting younger kids.
2 years later, Edik’s what improved and he was better with what?
2 years later:
- Edik’s behaviour improved
- He was better with other children
Case study 5, Edik:
Edik was a 4 year old boy found in a deserted flat in Ukraine in 1999 with his alcoholic mother nowhere to be seen.
His sister was cared for by neighbours, but Edik had to look elsewhere for love and affection.
Edik turned to stray dogs for protection and he played with dogs.
The animal behaviour that Edik learnt included scratching and biting younger kids.
2 years later, Edik’s behaviour improved and he was better with other children, but what?
2 years later:
1. Edik’s behaviour improved
2. He was better with other children
,but linguistically he was slow
Case study 5, Edik:
Edik was a 4 year old boy found in a deserted flat in Ukraine in 1999 with his alcoholic mother nowhere to be seen.
His sister was cared for by neighbours, but Edik had to look elsewhere for love and affection.
Edik turned to stray dogs for protection and he played with dogs.
The animal behaviour that Edik learnt included scratching and biting younger kids.
2 years later, Edik’s behaviour improved and he was better with other children, but linguistically he was slow.
Later on, Edik made more progress linguistically.
He learned how to speak more.
This was because he didn’t miss what, because he was found early?
This was because Edik didn’t miss the critical period, because he was found early
Case study 5, Edik:
Edik was a 4 year old boy found in a deserted flat in Ukraine in 1999 with his alcoholic mother nowhere to be seen.
His sister was cared for by neighbours, but Edik had to look elsewhere for love and affection.
Edik turned to stray dogs for protection and he played with dogs.
The animal behaviour that Edik learnt included scratching and biting younger kids.
2 years later, Edik’s behaviour improved and he was better with other children, but linguistically he was slow.
Later on, Edik made more progress linguistically.
He learned how to speak more.
This was because Edik didn’t miss the critical period, because he was found early.
Generally, when a child has missed the critical period, they can do what, but not do what?
Generally, when a child has missed the critical period, they:
1. Can speak words
,but
2. Not form grammatically correct sentences
Case study 5, Edik:
In the future, Edik might be what?
In the future, Edik might be vulnerable, socially
Case study 5, Edik:
In the future, Edik might be vulnerable, socially, especially because he is still what?
In the future, Edik might be vulnerable, socially, especially because he is still attached to dogs
Case study 6, Bruce Reimer:
Who were twin boys born in Canada?
- Bruce
- Brian
Reimer were twin boys born in Canada
Case study 6, Bruce Reimer:
Bruce and Brian Reimer were twin boys born in Canada.
When he was 7 months old, Bruce’s penis was burnt off and destroyed in what?
When he was 7 months old, Bruce’s penis was:
1. Burnt off
2. Destroyed
in a circumcision operation
Case study 6, Bruce Reimer:
Bruce and Brian Reimer were twin boys born in Canada.
When he was 7 months old, Bruce’s penis was burnt off and destroyed in a circumcision operation.
Over a year later, his parents did what?
Over a year later, his parents:
- Saw psychologist Dr. John Money on TV
- Contacted him for help
Case study 6, Bruce Reimer:
Bruce and Brian Reimer were twin boys born in Canada.
When he was 7 months old, Bruce’s penis was burnt off and destroyed in a circumcision operation.
Over a year later, his parents saw psychologist Dr. John Money on TV and contacted him for help.
Dr. Money argued that nurture is more important than nature and suggested that Bruce could be raised as a girl.
He used this as an experiment to do what?
Dr. Money used this as an experiment to test his belief that gender identity is a product of nurture rather than nature
Case study 6, Bruce Reimer:
Bruce and Brian Reimer were twin boys born in Canada.
When he was 7 months old, Bruce’s penis was burnt off and destroyed in a circumcision operation.
Over a year later, his parents saw psychologist Dr. John Money on TV and contacted him for help.
Dr. Money argued that nurture is more important than nature and suggested that Bruce could be raised as a girl.
Dr. Money used this as an experiment to test his belief that gender identity is a product of nurture rather than nature.
The Reimers changed Bruce’s name to Brenda and raised her as a girl.
For a time, Money’s experiment seemed to have worked and he used this case to argue that nurture was more important than nature.
However, Brenda was so unhappy that she did what around the age of what?
Brenda was so unhappy that she attempted suicide at around the age of 13
Case study 6, Bruce Reimer:
Bruce and Brian Reimer were twin boys born in Canada.
When he was 7 months old, Bruce’s penis was burnt off and destroyed in a circumcision operation.
However, Brenda was so unhappy that she attempted suicide at around the age of 13.
The Reimers told her the truth and Brenda decided to live again as a male and called himself David.
For a time, David was much happier and got married.
He claimed in interviews that he had always known what?
David claimed in interviews that he had always known that something was not right
Case study 6, Bruce Reimer:
Bruce and Brian Reimer were twin boys born in Canada.
When he was 7 months old, Bruce’s penis was burnt off and destroyed in a circumcision operation.
However, Brenda was so unhappy that she attempted suicide at around the age of 13.
The Reimers told her the truth and Brenda decided to live again as a male and called himself David.
For a time, David was much happier and got married.
He claimed in interviews that he had always known that something was not right.
Tragically, the experience did what and David eventually did what?
Tragically:
- The experience took its toll
- David eventually killed himself at the age of 38 after shooting himself with a shotgun
Case study 6, Bruce Reimer:
Bruce and Brian Reimer were twin boys born in Canada.
When he was 7 months old, Bruce’s penis was burnt off and destroyed in a circumcision operation.
However, Brenda was so unhappy that she attempted suicide at around the age of 13.
The Reimers told her the truth and Brenda decided to live again as a male and called himself David.
For a time, David was much happier and got married.
He claimed in interviews that he had always known that something was not right.
Tragically, the experience did what and David eventually killed himself at the age of 38 after shooting himself with a shotgun, after his wife did what?
Tragically:
1. The experience took its toll
2. David eventually killed himself at the age of 38 after shooting himself with a shotgun
,after his wife told him she wanted to separate
The Bruce Reimer case study is an example of what?
The Bruce Reimer case study is an example of nature
The feral children case studies are examples of what?
The feral children case studies are examples of nurture
