1.1: Types of 'culture' in our society

Question 1

Different types of ‘culture’ have been identified in our society.
Sociologists use terms like what to identify them?

Answer 1

Sociologists use terms like:
1. 'High culture'
2. 'Popular culture'
3. 'Consumer culture'
to identify them

Question 2

High culture:

High culture refers to what?

Answer 2

High culture refers to cultural:
1. Products
2. Activities
that are seen to have a very high status

Question 3

High culture:
High culture refers to cultural products and activities that are seen to have a very high status.
What is considered ‘cultured’ in this sense is based on those cultural products that represent what?

Answer 3

What is considered ‘cultured’ in this sense is based on those cultural products that represent the highest achievements in humanity

Question 4

High culture:
High culture refers to cultural products and activities that are seen to have a very high status.
What is considered ‘cultured’ in this sense is based on those cultural products that represent the highest achievements in humanity.
Examples include what?

Answer 4

Examples include:

1. Shakespeare’s plays
2. Classical music
3. Opera
4. Ballet
5. Art

Question 5

High culture:
High culture refers to cultural products and activities that are seen to have a very high status.
What is considered ‘cultured’ in this sense is based on those cultural products that represent the highest achievements in humanity.
High culture is seen as what by some?

Answer 5

High culture is seen as superior to other forms of culture by some

Question 6

High culture:
High culture refers to cultural products and activities that are seen to have a very high status.
What is considered ‘cultured’ in this sense is based on those cultural products that represent the highest achievements in humanity.
High culture is seen as superior to other forms of culture by some and is often appreciated by those what?

Answer 6

High culture is seen as superior to other forms of culture by some and is often appreciated by those:

1. With a high level of education and social upbringing
2. Who are ‘cultured’

Question 7

Popular culture:

Popular culture refers to what?

Answer 7

Popular culture refers to cultural:
1. Products
2. Activities
that are enjoyed by the majority of a population

Question 8

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
Examples

Answer 8

For example:

1. Watching TV
2. Going to the cinema
3. Playing or watching football
4. Reading magazines and tabloid newspapers

Question 9

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
Some would argue that these are what?

Answer 9

Some would argue that these are:

1. More shallow activities
2. So inferior to high culture

Question 10

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
Some would argue that these are more shallow activities and so inferior to high culture, but not everyone would agree.
Another more negative term, what, is sometimes used to represent this what?

Answer 10

Another more negative term, ‘mass culture,’ is sometimes used to represent this perceived:

1. Shallowness
2. Inferiority

Question 11

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
Some would argue that these are more shallow activities and so inferior to high culture, but not everyone would agree.
Another more negative term, ‘mass culture,’ is sometimes used to represent this perceived shallowness and inferiority.
Some feel that popular culture is what?

Answer 11

Some feel that popular culture is:

1. Manufactured
2. Fake

Question 12

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
Some would argue that these are more shallow activities and so inferior to high culture, but not everyone would agree.
Another more negative term, ’mass culture,’ is sometimes used to represent this perceived shallowness and inferiority.
Some feel that popular culture is manufactured and fake and even that it is a form of what?

Answer 12

Some feel that popular culture is manufactured and fake and even that it is a form of:
1. Brainwashing
Or,
2. ‘Dumbing down’
of the masses (the majority of the general population)

Question 13

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
Some would argue that these are more shallow activities and so inferior to high culture, but not everyone would agree.
Another more negative term, ‘mass culture,’ is sometimes used to represent this perceived shallowness and inferiority.
Some feel that popular culture is manufactured and fake and even that it is a form of brainwashing, or ‘dumbing down’ of the masses (the majority of the general population).
However, some writers, such as who, argue what?

Answer 13

Some writers, such as Bourdieu (1984), argue that:
1. The distinction between high culture and popular culture
2. How ‘worthy’ they are
lies in the power of the group who support and access them

Question 14

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
Some feel that popular culture is manufactured and fake and even that it is a form of brainwashing, or ‘dumbing down’ of the masses (the majority of the general population).
However, some writers, Bourdieu (1984), argue that the distinction between high culture and popular culture and how ‘worthy’ they are lies in the power of the group who support and access them.
So high culture is simply what?

Answer 14

So high culture is simply the culture of the higher economic classes

Question 15

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
Some feel that popular culture is manufactured and fake and even that it is a form of brainwashing, or ‘dumbing down’ of the masses (the majority of the general population).
However, some writers, Bourdieu (1984), argue that the distinction between high culture and popular culture and how ‘worthy’ they are lies in the power of the group who support and access them.
So high culture is simply the culture of the higher economic classes.
This does not necessarily make it what?

Answer 15

This does not necessarily make high culture better

Question 16

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
The media is usually credited with doing what?

Answer 16

The media is usually credited with:
1. Partially creating
2. Spreading
popular culture

Question 17

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
The media is usually credited with partially creating and spreading popular culture, providing what?

Answer 17

The media is usually credited with partially creating and spreading popular culture, providing mass access to things such as:

1. Music
2. Films
3. Sport

Question 18

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
The media is usually credited with partially creating and spreading popular culture, providing mass access to things such as music, films and sport, which do what?

Answer 18

The media is usually credited with partially creating and spreading popular culture, providing mass access to things such as:
1. Music
2. Films
3. Sport
,which form the basis of popular culture

Question 19

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
Some feel that popular culture is manufactured and fake and even that it is a form of brainwashing, or ‘dumbing down’ of the masses (the majority of the general population).
However, some writers, Bourdieu (1984), argue that the distinction between high culture and popular culture and how ‘worthy’ they are lies in the power of the group who support and access them.
So high culture is simply the culture of the higher economic classes.
This does not necessarily make it better.
It is also argued that the distinction between popular and high culture is doing what?

Answer 19

It is also argued that the distinction between popular and high culture is gradually breaking down

Question 20

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
Some feel that popular culture is manufactured and fake and even that it is a form of brainwashing, or ‘dumbing down’ of the masses (the majority of the general population).
However, some writers, Bourdieu (1984), argue that the distinction between high culture and popular culture and how ‘worthy’ they are lies in the power of the group who support and access them.
So high culture is simply the culture of the higher economic classes.
This does not necessarily make it better.
It is also argued that the distinction between popular and high culture is gradually breaking down, because what?

Answer 20

It is also argued that the distinction between popular and high culture is gradually breaking down, because the media:
1. Gives everyone access to activities previously seen as ‘high culture’
,but also
2. Is raising the status of previously working-class pursuits

Question 21

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
Some feel that popular culture is manufactured and fake and even that it is a form of brainwashing, or ‘dumbing down’ of the masses (the majority of the general population).
However, some writers, Bourdieu (1984), argue that the distinction between high culture and popular culture and how ‘worthy’ they are lies in the power of the group who support and access them.
So high culture is simply the culture of the higher economic classes.
This does not necessarily make it better.
It is also argued that the distinction between popular and high culture is gradually breaking down, because the media gives everyone access to activities previously seen as ‘high culture,’ such as what, but also is raising the status of previously working-class pursuits?

Answer 21

It is also argued that the distinction between popular and high culture is gradually breaking down, because the media:
1. Gives everyone access to activities previously seen as 'high culture,' such as turning Shakespeare plays into movies and using classical musicians in pop songs
,but also
2. Is raising the status of previously working-class pursuits

Question 22

Popular culture:
Popular culture refers to cultural products and activities that are enjoyed by the majority of a population.
For example, watching TV, going to the cinema, playing or watching football and reading magazines and tabloid newspapers.
Some feel that popular culture is manufactured and fake and even that it is a form of brainwashing, or ‘dumbing down’ of the masses (the majority of the general population).
However, some writers, Bourdieu (1984), argue that the distinction between high culture and popular culture and how ‘worthy’ they are lies in the power of the group who support and access them.
So high culture is simply the culture of the higher economic classes.
This does not necessarily make it better.
It is also argued that the distinction between popular and high culture is gradually breaking down, because the media gives everyone access to activities previously seen as ‘high culture,’ such as turning Shakespeare plays into movies and using classical musicians in pop songs, but also is raising the status of previously working-class pursuits, such as what?

Answer 22

It is also argued that the distinction between popular and high culture is gradually breaking down, because the media:
1. Gives everyone access to activities previously seen as 'high culture,' such as turning Shakespeare plays into movies and using classical musicians in pop songs
,but also
2. Is raising the status of previously working-class pursuits, such as football

Question 23

Consumer culture:

It is argued that we have a consumer culture today as a result of what?

Answer 23

It is argued that we have a consumer culture today as a result of the increasing:
1. Availability of
2. Emphasis on
the consumption of goods and services

Question 24

Consumer culture:
It is argued that we have a consumer culture today as a result of the increasing availability of and emphasis on the consumption of goods and services.
In a consumer culture, consumer goods are widely what?

Answer 24

In a consumer culture, consumer goods are widely available

Question 25

Consumer culture:
It is argued that we have a consumer culture today as a result of the increasing availability of and emphasis on the consumption of goods and services.
In a consumer culture, consumer goods are widely available and excessive consumption and the debt associated with it are regarded as what?

Answer 25

In a consumer culture, consumer goods are widely available and:
1. Excessive consumption
2. The debt associated with it
are regarded as acceptable and ‘normal’

Question 26

Consumer culture:
It is argued that we have a consumer culture today as a result of the increasing availability of and emphasis on the consumption of goods and services.
In a consumer culture, consumer goods are widely available and excessive consumption and the debt associated with it are regarded as acceptable and ‘normal.’
Shopping, the focus of consumption, is what in its own right?

Answer 26

Shopping, the focus of consumption, is a leisure pursuit in its own right

Question 27

Consumer culture:
It is argued that we have a consumer culture today as a result of the increasing availability of and emphasis on the consumption of goods and services.
In a consumer culture, consumer goods are widely available and excessive consumption and the debt associated with it are regarded as acceptable and ‘normal.’
Shopping, the focus of consumption, is a leisure pursuit in its own right and what is the norm?

Answer 27

Shopping, the focus of consumption, is a leisure pursuit in its own right and ‘conspicuous consumption’ is the norm

Question 28

Consumer culture:
It is argued that we have a consumer culture today as a result of the increasing availability of and emphasis on the consumption of goods and services.
In a consumer culture, consumer goods are widely available and excessive consumption and the debt associated with it are regarded as acceptable and ‘normal.’
Shopping, the focus of consumption, is a leisure pursuit in its own right and ‘conspicuous consumption’ is the norm.
‘Conspicuous consumption’ is what?

Answer 28

‘Conspicuous consumption’ is where individuals consume branded goods in a blatant attempt to:

1. Construct an identity
2. Gain status in the eyes of others

Question 29

Consumer culture:
It is argued that we have a consumer culture today as a result of the increasing availability of and emphasis on the consumption of goods and services.
In a consumer culture, consumer goods are widely available and excessive consumption and the debt associated with it are regarded as acceptable and ‘normal.’
Shopping, the focus of consumption, is a leisure pursuit in its own right and ‘conspicuous consumption’ is the norm.
‘Conspicuous consumption’ is where individuals consume branded goods in a blatant attempt to construct an identity and gain status in the eyes of others.
This is all what by the media?

Answer 29

This is all:
1. Encouraged
2. Reinforced
by the media

Question 30

Consumer culture:
It is argued that we have a consumer culture today as a result of the increasing availability of and emphasis on the consumption of goods and services.
In a consumer culture, consumer goods are widely available and excessive consumption and the debt associated with it are regarded as acceptable and ‘normal.’
Shopping, the focus of consumption, is a leisure pursuit in its own right and ‘conspicuous consumption’ is the norm.
‘Conspicuous consumption’ is where individuals consume branded goods in a blatant attempt to construct an identity and gain status in the eyes of others.
This is all encouraged and reinforced by the media, especially what?

Answer 30

This is all encouraged and reinforced by the media, especially:

1. The advertising industry
2. Celebrity culture

Question 31

High culture:

High culture is associated with what in society?

Answer 31

High culture is associated with the:
1. Upper
2. Upper middle
class in society

Question 32

High culture:
High culture is associated with the upper and upper middle class in society.
This group are privileged how?

Answer 32

This group are privileged:

1. Economically
2. Socially

Question 33

High culture:
High culture is associated with the upper and upper middle class in society.
This group are privileged economically and socially.
High culture has a what position and is considered what?

Answer 33

High culture:

1. Has an elite position
2. Is considered superior

Question 34

Popular culture:

Popular culture is associated with what?

Answer 34

Popular culture is associated with:
1. Ordinary people
Or,
2. The masses

Question 35

Popular culture:
Popular culture is associated with ordinary people or the masses.
Popular culture includes activities that aren’t seen as what to some?

Answer 35

Popular culture includes activities that aren’t seen as important to some

Question 36

Popular culture:
Popular culture is associated with ordinary people or the masses.
Popular culture includes activities that aren’t seen as important to some and some would argue that these are the more shallow activites and so inferior to high culture.
Some would say it is what and created by what?

Answer 36

Some would say popular culture is:

1. Fake
2. Created by the media

Question 37

Popular culture:
Popular culture is associated with ordinary people or the masses.
Popular culture includes activities that aren’t seen as important to some and some would argue that these are the more shallow activites and so inferior to high culture.
Some would say it is fake and created by the media.
However, some would argue that this is breaking down and the media gives access to what?

Answer 37

Some would argue that:

1. This is breaking down
2. The media gives access to all kinds of culture

Question 38

High culture: Listening to classical music.

The popular culture equivalent would be what?

Answer 38

The popular culture equivalent would be listening to:
1. Pop
Or,
2. Rap

Question 39

Popular culture: Going to pop concerts.

The high culture equivalent would be what?

Answer 39

The high culture equivalent would be going to watch:
1. Orchestra
2. Theatre
Or,
2. Opera

Question 40

Popular culture: Going to watch a football match.

The high culture equivalent would be what?

Answer 40

The high culture equivalent would be going to watch:
1. Horse riding
Or,
2. Polo

Question 41

Popular culture: Watching horror or Hollywood movies.

The high culture equivalent would be what?

Answer 41

The high culture equivalent would be watching intellectual foreign films

Question 42

Popular culture: Watching TV shows, soaps and series, like Love Island.
The high culture equivalent would be what?

Answer 42

The high culture equivalent would be watching arts documentaries

Question 43

Popular culture: Reading a tabloid newspaper.

The high culture equivalent would be what?

Answer 43

The high culture equivalent would be reading broadsheets

Question 44

Popular culture: Reading a tabloid newspaper.

The high culture equivalent would be reading broadsheets, like what?

Answer 44

The high culture equivalent would be reading broadsheets, like the Guardian

Question 45

Popular culture: Reading mystery or thriller books or reading magazines.
The high culture equivalent would be what?

Answer 45

The high culture equivalent would be reading classic novels

Question 46

Popular culture: Reading mystery or thriller books or reading magazines.
The high culture equivalent would be reading classic novels, like novels by who?

Answer 46

The high culture equivalent would be reading classic novels, like novels by:

1. Dickens
2. Hardy

Question 47

Consumer culture:

Consumer culture is when society does what?

Answer 47

Consumer culture is when society portrays a sense of its:
1. Identity
2. Status
through the purchase of consumer goods

Question 48

Consumer culture:
Consumer culture is when society portrays a sense of its identity and status through the purchase of consumer goods such as what?

Answer 48

Consumer culture is when society portrays a sense of its identity and status through the purchase of consumer goods such as:
1. Brands
2. Phones
3. Cars
ect

Question 49

Consumer culture:
Consumer culture is when society portrays a sense of its identity and status through the purchase of consumer goods such as brands, phones, cars, ect.
Whatever you buy is who?

Answer 49

Whatever you buy is who you are

Question 50

‘Conspicuous consumption’ is where individuals consume branded goods in a blatant attempt to construct an identity and gain status in the eyes of others.
Conspicuous consumption is the spending of money or the what to publicly display what - of the what of the what of the buyer?

Answer 50

Conspicuous consumption is the:
1. Spending of money
Or,
2. Acquiring of luxury goods and services
to publicly display economic power - of the income of the accumulated wealth of the buyer