Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Paediatrics > 1: Immunology, Allergy - Anaphylaxis > Flashcards

1: Immunology, Allergy - Anaphylaxis Flashcards

1
Q

Define anaphylaxis

A

Life-threatening allergic event due to immediate hypersensitivity reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the most common cause of anaphylaxis in children

A

Food substances

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What food-types can cause anaphylaxis

A
  • Peanuts
  • Eggs
  • Shellfish
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are other triggers for anaphylaxis

A

Medication (Penicillin)
Stings, Bites
Injections - radiocontrast dye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Describe clinical presentation of anaphylaxis

A

Skin: Urticaria, Angioedema

Resp: Airway obstruction - bronchospasm, laryngeal oedema

GI: diarrhoea, abdo cramps

Systemic shock

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Explain pathophysiology of anaphylaxis

A

IgE cross-link mast cells to cause release of histamine. Which causes smooth muscle contraction and peripheral vasodilation - leading to bronchospasm, abdominal cramps.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Describe approach to anaphylaxis patient

A
  • Contact resus team
  • A-E approach
  • Lie patient on their back with their legs raised
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What 3 medications are given in anaphylaxis

A
  1. IM adrenaline
  2. IV chlorphenamine
  3. IV hydrocortisone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If adrenaline is ineffective, when can second-dose be given

A

5-minutes later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Aside from chlorphenamine, hydrocortisone and adrenaline - what other interventions are given for anaphylaxis

A

Remove stimulus
Oxygen
IV Fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

When is salbutamol indicated for anaphylaxis

A

If individual is having bronchospasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Outline management of anaphylaxis

A
  1. Contact resus team
  2. Oxygen
  3. IM adrenaline
  4. IV Fluid
  5. IV hydrocortisone
  6. IV chlorphenamine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What blood should be taken following anaphylaxis

A

Mast cell tryptase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

When is mast cell tryptase taken

A

1-2h later

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How long should patients be observed for following anaphylaxis and why

A

Observe patients for 6-hours: due to risk of biphasic attack

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What should all individuals be trained how to do before discharge

A

Use epipen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is in an epipen

A

0.3mg Adrenaline (1:1000)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What does of adrenaline is given 6m -6 years

A

0.15mL (150mcg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

How many grams of adrenaline are in 0.15mL

A

150mcg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What dose of adrenaline is given 6-12 years

A

0.3mL (300mcg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What dose of adrenaline is given above 12 years

A

0.5 mL (500mcg)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What dose of hydrocortisone is used if under 6-months

A

25mcg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What dose of hydrocortisone is used if 6-months to 6-years

A

50mcg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What dose of hydrocortisone is used if 6 years to 12 years

A

100mcg

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What dose of hydrocortisone is used if more than 12 years
200mcg
26
What dose chlorphenamine is given 6m-6 years
2.5mg
27
What dose chlorphenamine is given 6-years to 12-years
5mg
28
What dose chlorphenamine is given after 12-years
10mg
29
What is allergy
type I, IgE mediated reaction
30
What is true food allergy
IgE mediated hypersensitivity reaction to food
31
What can cause allergies
- Food - Medication - Dust mite - Pollen - Fur
32
What foods commonly cause allergies
- Seafood - Peanuts - Soy - Eggs
33
What is a risk factor for allergy
FH of atopy
34
What is atopy
Genetic tendency to produce IgE
35
What is protective against allergy
Breast feeding before age-1
36
What are symptoms of allergy
- Mouth breathing: snoring, apnoea - Allergic conjunctivitis - Wheeze
37
What is a sign of allergy
- Atopic eczema
38
How do food allergies usually present in children
- Diarrhoea w/ blood and mucus in stools - Vomiting - GORD - FTT - Urticaria - Peri-oral erythematous rash
39
When should food allergy be considered
If children with: GORD, Chronic constipation or eczema do not response to treatment
40
how do allergies usually present in childhood
Allergic march: - In infancy present with rash and food allergies - In childhood present with conjunctivitis, asthma and rhinitis
41
what is pan-allergy syndrome
There are pan-allergens in plants that can trigger an autoimmune reaction. These allergens are heat-labile and destroyed in stomach: hence cause limited oral symptoms
42
what is false-allergy syndrome
Direct degranulation mast-cells without use IgE
43
what is food intolerance
Adverse reaction to food, with no IgE mediate symptoms
44
What are the 3 methods to identify allergies
1. Skin Prick Test 2. Specific IgE testing 3. Total IgE
45
What is skin-prick testing
A prick is made in the volar aspect of the arm and a allergen inserted
46
What are two contraindications to skin-prick testing
Eczema | Anti-histamines
47
How long should antihistamines be stopped prior to skin prick testing
6-7 days
48
What is used as the positive control
Histamine
49
What is used as the negative control
Water
50
What is a positive skin prick testing in children
>3mm
51
What is serum-specific IgE also called
Radio allergen absorbent testing (RAST)
52
What is the RAST test
Looks for proteins to specific allergens
53
How is the RAST test graded?
0-6 | 6 = strongly positive
54
What does it mean if the RAST test is positive
It means individual is sensitised to an allergen, it does NOT mean they have clinical allergy
55
What does a positive total serum IgE indicate and what does this mean in practice
Individual is atopic. Therefore should not be used to screen for allergy
56
In cases where allergens cannot be identified what is offered
Elimination diet
57
Explain the elimination diet
Individuals are given a few hypoallergenic foods for 1-2W then other foods are gradually re-introduced
58
What is first-line for food allergy
Exclude food
59
What is used to manage allergy acutely
Anti-histamine
60
If a child has had 6- 12 months symptom-free on exclusion diet what is considered
Food challenge (in hospital setting where anaphylaxis can be controlled for)
61
When do infantile food allergies tend to resolve
2-years
62
What allergy tends to persist
Peanut allergy
63
Define cow's milk protein allergy
IgE-mediated reaction to proteins in cow's milk
64
Define cow's milk protein intolerance
Mild-moderate delayed reaction to cow's milk
65
When does cow's milk protein allergy occur
0-3 months
66
What is a major risk factor for cow's milk protein allergy
Bottle feeding. | Cow's milk protein allergy is extremely rare in formula fed infants
67
When is cows milk protein allergy rarely seen
In breast-fed infants
68
What are symptoms of cows milk protein allergy
- Urticaria - Atopic eczema - Wheeze - Persistent cough - Itchy throat - Angioedema - Anaphylaxis
69
What are symptoms of cow's milk protein intolerance
- Diarrhoea - Vomiting - regurgitation - colic: crying and irritability
70
how is cow's milk protein allergy usually diagnosed
Clinically - often on cessation of symptoms on exclusion of cows milk protein
71
in formula-fed infants how are is mild-moderate CMPA managed
Extensively hydrolysed formula (EHF)
72
in formula-fed infants, how is severe CMPA managed
Amino acid based formula
73
What are indications for amino acid based formula
No response to extensively hydrolysed formula
74
Explain how cow's milk protein allergy is managed in breast-fed infants
- Encourage mum to continue breast feeding but exclude dairy products from her diet
75
What should be given to mum if child has cow's milk protein allergy
Calcium supplementation
76
When breast-feeding stops, what should an infant be put on in CMPA
After breast feeding put on EHF for at least 6-months
77
What should be considered 6-12m after CMPA
CMP challenge
78
What % of children with CMPA will be tolerant by 5-years
55%
79
When will children with cows milk protein intolerance be tolerant
3-years

Paediatrics (61 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions