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MT6317 > 02 UREA > Flashcards

02 UREA Flashcards

1
Q

Approximate plasma concentration of urea

A

45-50%

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2
Q

Approximate urine concentration of urea

A

86

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3
Q

Urea is synthesized in the ___ from CO2 + ammonia generated during protein catabolism

A

liver

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4
Q

The urea cycle takes place in ___ and is a compartmentalized process between the ___ and ___

A

hepatocytes
mitochondria
cytosol

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5
Q

The formation of carbamoyl phosphate and citrulline takes place in the ___ of the hepatocytes

A

mitochondria

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6
Q

The formation of the urea takes place in the ___ of the hepatocytes

A

cytosol

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7
Q

The end product of the urea cycle, the urea, is released through the help of the ___ enzyme

A

arginase

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8
Q

T/F: urea is water soluble

A

T

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9
Q

How many percent of urea is reabsorbed by the proximal convoluted tubule?

A

40-60%

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10
Q

How many percent of urea is excreted in the urine?

A

50%

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11
Q

How many percent of urea is excreted in the GI tract and skin?

A

<10%

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12
Q

The urea cycle is also known as ___

A

Krebs-Henseleit cycle

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13
Q

T/F: Urea synthesis is the body’s defense mechanism to reduce the level of ammonia in the body

A

T

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14
Q

Conversion factor of BUN to urea

A

2.14

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15
Q

Conversion factor of urea to BUN

A

1/2.14 or 0.467

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16
Q

An elevated concentration of urea in the blood without symptoms

A

azotemia

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17
Q

Very high levels of plasma urea accompanied by renal failure

A

uremia/ uremic syndrome

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18
Q

A manifestation of high urea concentration through deposits in the skin which causes it to be more brown in color

A

uremic frost

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19
Q

Uremia causes which alteration in the RBC shape?

A

echinocytic/ Burr cells

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20
Q

Increased urea concentration due to decreased blood flow to the kidneys

A

pre-renal azotemia

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21
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

congestive heart failure

A

pre-renal

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22
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

shock, haemorrhage

A

pre-renal

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23
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

dehydration

A

pre-renal

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24
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

high protein diet

A

pre-renal

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25
Q

Increased urea concentration due to accumulation of urea due to damage

A

renal azotemia

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26
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

acute/chronic renal failure

A

renal

27
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

glomerulonephritis

A

renal

28
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

tubular necrosis

A

renal

29
Q

Increased urea concentration due to urinary tract obstruction

A

post-renal azotemia

30
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

renal stones/ lithiasis/ calculi

A

post-renal

31
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

prostate enlargement

A

post-renal

32
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

severe infection

A

post-renal

33
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

high urea: normal creatinine

A

pre-renal

34
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

high urea: high creatinine

A

renal

35
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

“normal” urea to creatinine ratio

A

renal

36
Q

Pre-renal/ Renal/ Post-renal Azotemia:

normal urea: high creatinine

A

post-renal

37
Q

Normal urea to creatinine ratio

A

10:1 - 20:1

38
Q

Normal BUN level

A

6-20 mg/dL

39
Q

Normal creatinine level

A

0.5-1 mg/dL

40
Q

Liver disease causes a/n ___ (increase/decrease) in plasma urea level

A

decrease

41
Q

Increased protein synthesis causes a/n ___ (increase/decrease) in plasma urea level

A

decrease

42
Q

Conversion factor of BUN from mg/dL to mmol

A

0.357

43
Q

T/F: the chemical method of urea determination is nonspecific and is interfered by ammonia

A

F (nonspecific but NOT interfered by ammonia)

44
Q

Fearon’s reaction is also known as ___ or ___

A

Friedman’s method
Xanthydrol method

45
Q

Reagents for Fearon’s reaction

A

strong acid, oxidizing agent, ferric ions, thiosemicarbazide

46
Q

Product of Fearon’s reaction

A

yellow diazine derivative

47
Q

Condensation with ___ ___ ___ is also called Fearon’s reaction

A

Diacetyl monoxime method

48
Q

T/F: condensation with diacetyl monoxime method can be used in autoanalyzer

A

T

49
Q

The urease-Berthelot’s method of urea determination uses ___ ___ as an indicator

A

indophenol blue

50
Q

This enzymatic method of urea determination uses Gum Ghatti and Nessler’s reagent to produce the yellow product

A

urease-Nessler’s method

51
Q

Best method of urea determination that is best performed in kinetic method

A

Urease-L-Glutamate Dehydrogenase Method (GLDH)

52
Q

The GLDH method is measured spectrophotometrically at what wavelentgh?

A

340 nm

53
Q

A more specific and rapid method of measuring urea but is not routinely used

A

Urease-conductimetric method

54
Q

Reference method for urea determination

A

Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrometry (IDMS)

55
Q

Specimens that can be used for urea determination

A

Plasma
Serum
Urine

56
Q

In urea determination, if plasma will be used, any additive may be used except ___ ___ and ___ ___ which interferes with urease and ammonium ions

A

Sodium citrate
Sodium fluoride

57
Q

T/F: in BUN measurement, fasting is required

A

F (no fasting requirement)

58
Q

Normal urea urine level

A

12-20 g/day

59
Q

Urea is also known as ___

A

carbamide

60
Q

Chemical formula of urea

A

CO(NH2)2

61
Q

The more appropriate term for quantification of urea

A

Blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

62
Q

The most frequently used method for BUN determination

A

Enzymatic method

63
Q

In the enzymatic method of BUN determination, the urease enzyme catalyzes hydrolysis of urea and the ___ is quantified

A

liberate ammonium ion (NH4+)

64
Q

The most common assay of BUN determination

A

GLDH-coupled enzymatic reaction

MT6317 (18 decks)

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