01 CARBS Flashcards
A primary source of energy for brain, erythrocytes, and retinal cells in humans
Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates is a major food source and energy supply for the body and are stored primarily as ___ in the liver and muscle
glycogen
Carbohydrates are made up of which substances?
Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen
How much water molecule is inserted per carbon?
1
The smallest carbohydrate
Glyceraldehyde
Glyceraldehyde is a ___-carbon compound
3
The simplest form of carbohydrates and is not hydrolyzable
Monosaccharides
Identify based on the number of sugar units:
Glucose
mono
Identify based on the number of sugar units:
fructose
mono
Identify based on the number of sugar units:
galactose
mono
Identify based on the number of sugar units:
maltose
di
Identify based on the number of sugar units:
lactose
di
Identify based on the number of sugar units:
sucrose
di
Components of maltose
2 glucose
Components of lactose
1 galactose, 1 glucose
Components of sucrose
1 glucose, 1 fructose
Identify based on the number of sugar units:
starch
poly
Identify based on the number of sugar units:
glycogen
poly
An enzyme present in the saliva and stomach that hydrolyzes starch to disaccharides
Amylase
Glucose confirmation that is most common in humans
D-glucose
The only CHO that can be directly used for energy or storage
Glucose
The process of conversion of amino acids by the liver & other specialized tissue to substances that can be converted into glucose
Gluconeogenesis
The principal pathway of glucose oxidation
Embden meyerhof pathway
The site for embden meyerhof pathway
mitochondria
In the embden meyerhof pathway, glucose is broken down into ___
two 3-carbon molecules of pyruvic acid
After the embden meyerhof pathway, the pyruvic acid will then by used by which biochemical pathway?
tricarbocylic acid cycle
Other substrates that may be used to synthesize energy
Glycerol
Fatty acids
Ketones
This is a detour of glucose-6-phosphate from the glycolytic pathway to become 6-phosphogluconic acid
hexose monophosphate shunt
T/F: the hexose monophosphate shunt produces ATP and biosynthetic products
F (this does not produce ATP)
The hexose monophosphate shunt is also called the ___
Pentose phosphate pathway
This pathway only occurs when the body’s energy requirements are being met
Glycogenesis pathway
The utilization of stored glucose from glycogen
Glycogenolysis
The processes being done by the body when the glucose is low
Glycogenolysis
Gluconeogenesis
The process that causes the production of ketone bodies
Gluconeogenesis
The process happening when one is fasting for less than 1 day
Glycogenolysis
The process happening when one is fasting for >1 day
Gluconeogenesis
Examples of ketone bodies
Acetone
Acetoacetate
B-hydroxybutyric acid
Metabolism of glucose molecule to pyruvate or lactate for production of energy
Glycolysis
Formation of glucose-6-phosphate from noncarbohydrate sources
Gluconeogenesis
Breakdown of glycogen to glucose for use as energy
Glygenolysis
Conversion of glucose to glycogen for storage
Glycogenesis
Conversion of carbohydrates to fatty acids
Lipogenesis
Decomposition of fat
Lipolysis
Insulin and glucagon are produced by which organ?
Pancreas
Cells that synthesize insulin
B-cells
Cells that synthesize glucagon
a-cells
T/F: insulin is the only hormone in the human body that lowers blood sugar
T
This is released during stress and fasting states
Glucagon
This hormone is synthesized in the pancreas and hypothalamus that increases plasma glucose
Somatostatin
Somatostatin is from the __ cells of the islets of Langerhans
delta
Epinephrine is a hormone synthesized by the ___ which increases blood glucose
Adrenal medulla
Cortisol is synthesized by the adrenal cortex, specifically in the zona ___
fasciculata
Aldosterone is synthesized by the adrenal cortex, specifically in the zona ___
glomerulosa
Growth hormone is synthesized in the ___ and is inhibited by somatostatin
anterior pituitary gland
Location:
Cushing disease
anterior pituitary gland
Location:
Cushing syndrome
adrenal cortex
