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microbiology > Zoonoses-Haemophilius-Listeria- Exam III > Flashcards

Zoonoses-Haemophilius-Listeria- Exam III Flashcards

1
Q

What bacteria is responsible for Black Death/Plague?

A

Yersinia Pestis

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2
Q

What is the gram stain of yersinia pestis?

A

Gram negative

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3
Q

When yersinia pestis is living in its natural host in the environment, it can cause:

A

sylvatic plague

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4
Q

Describe sylvatic plague:

A

Passing of yersinia pestis among its natural host

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5
Q

Transmission of yersinia pestis causing sylvatic plague is through:

A

please that cause obstruction of digestive tract

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6
Q

In sylvatic plague, how does the flea get transmit bacteria?

A

bites and regurgitates its bacteria into the bite wound

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7
Q

When fleas of the Norwegian or Black Rat transmit yersinia pestis to humans in urban environments due to unsanitary conditions:

A

Urban plague

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8
Q

The urban plague (caused by yersinia pestis) can progress into ____ or ____ in humans

A

Bubonic plague or Septicemic plague

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9
Q

If aerosolized yersinia pestis is brought into the lungs, ____ can occur:

A

pneumonic plague

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10
Q

10-20% of people with septicemic plague will end up with pneumonic plague which is (2):

A
  1. HIGHLY contagious (due to direct transmission)
  2. Near 100% mortality (Black Death)
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11
Q

Infected lymph node with pus, NOT contagious, but with a mortality rate of 50-75% if not treated:

A

bubo (from bubonic plague)

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12
Q

If an individual presents with bubos, what are their chances of death if left untreated?

A

50-75%

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13
Q

Which form of the plague caused by yersina pestis leads to black limbs and appendages?

A

pneumonic plague

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14
Q

By the time the yersinia pestis progresses into the lungs it is referred to as Black Death because:

A

death likely occurs within 2-3 days of exposure to lungs

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15
Q

Fully virulent bacteria break out of the phagocytes infect the nodes, producing buboes:

A

bubonic plague

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16
Q

When yersinia pestis bacteria invade the bloodstream:

A

septicemic plague

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17
Q

When lungs become infected with yersinia pestis:

A

pneumonic plague

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18
Q

What is the gram stain for francisella tularensis?

A

gram negative

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19
Q

Francisella tularensis is an opportunistic zoonosis that is present in:

A

birds, rabbits, ticks

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20
Q

Francisella tularinesis in addition to being an opportunistic zoonosis, there is also a threat for:

A

bioterrorism (due to ability to infect via aerosol)

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21
Q

Describe the virulence factors of francisella tularensis:

A

intracellular growth in macrophages

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22
Q

What does the virulence factor “intracellular growth in macrophages”cause in hosts?

A

prevention of phagolysosome fusion resulting in bacteremia

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23
Q

Diseases caused by francisella tularensis include:

A
  1. ulceroglandular tularemia
  2. oculoglandular tularemia
  3. pulmonary tularemia
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24
Q

What are commons names for the diseases caused by francisella tularensis?

A

rabbit fever & tick fever

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25
Q

What is the gram stain of brucella?

A

Gram negative

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26
Q

Although brucella is not genetically related to yersinia or francisella, similarities include:

A

ultrastructurally similar & zoonotic

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27
Q

What strain of brucella is an opportunistic zoonosis that is feared to cause bioterrorism?

A

B. melitensis

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28
Q

Systemic bacteremia (caused by brucella) starting from infected lymph nodes:

A

undulent fever aka brucellosis or bang’s disease

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29
Q

Undulant fever or Bang’s disease is caused by what bacteria?

A

Brucella

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30
Q

What allows brucella to become systemic?

A

its ability to survive in cells (specifically macrophages)

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31
Q

A characteristic symptoms of infection caused by brucella:

A

Undulant fever

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32
Q

Describe the pathogenesis of brucella:

A

organisms penetrate mucus membranes and are carried to the heart, kidneys, and other parts of the body via the blood and lymphatic system

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33
Q

Part of the pathogenesis seen with brucella is caused by its resistance to:

A

phagocytic killing and growth within phagocytes

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34
Q

What is the gram stain of haemophilus influenzae?

A

gram negative

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35
Q

Haemophilus influenzae is frequently part of :

A

oral flora

36
Q

What is the carrier rate for haemophilus influenzae present in the oral cavity?

37
Q

Discuss the serotypes of haemophilus influenzae:

A

6 O-antigen serotypes, type b most virulent

38
Q

What serotype of haemophilus influenzae is the most virulent?

39
Q

Discuss the virulence factors of haemophilus influenzae:

A

polyribotol phosphate (PRP) capsule B

40
Q

What allows the type B strain of haemophilus influenzae to cause systemic infections?

A

the polyribotol phosphate capsule B

41
Q

What type of vaccine is used for protection against haemophilus influenzae?

A

Conjugated vaccine

42
Q

Discuss the mechanism of haemophilus influenzae conjugated vaccine:

A

Conjugated vaccine agains capsule b polysaccharides creates protective IgG preventing systemic infections

43
Q

Does the haemophilus influenzae vaccine protect against other encapsulated strains and unencapsulated strains?

44
Q

How many cases per year of haemophilus influenzae type b infections? How much of a decrease is this since the conjugated vaccine?

A

20,000; 99.7%

45
Q

Before the availability of conjugate vaccines in later 1987, H. Influenzae type b was the most common cause of:

A

bacterial meningitis in preschool children

46
Q

Without vaccination, haemophilus influenzae causes ____ in children by _____ strains.

A

systemic diseases; encapsulated strains

47
Q

Without vaccination against haemophilus influenzae, systemic diseases by encapsulated strains in children cause:

A
  1. meningitis
  2. septicemia
  3. cellulitis
  4. epiglottis
48
Q

Discuss the epidemiology of haemophilus influenzae:

A
  1. aerosol transmission
  2. respiratory tract in elderly
49
Q

describe the gram stain of legionella pneumophilla:

A

gram negative

50
Q

What characteristic of legionella pneumophila allow them to grow inside of macrophages in the endoplasmic reticulum?

A

They are facultatively intracellular

51
Q

Since legionella pneumophila are facultatively intracellular they function to:

A

prevent endosome-lysosome fusion; and autophagosome-like uptake

52
Q

Legionella pneumophilia are acquired from the ___

A

environment

53
Q

Legionella pneumophila live and proliferate in:

A

vacuoles of amoebas and in the ER of macrophages

54
Q

What is the significance of legionella pneumophilias ability to live intracellularly in amoebas?

A

This lifestyle is adaptable to living in macrophages- dangerous for humans

55
Q

Describe what makes legionella pneumophila difficult to be eradicated?

A
  1. growth up to 46 degrees Celsius
  2. relatively resistant to chlorine and other biocides
56
Q

Describe the disease caused by legionella pneumophila and its discovery:

A

Legionnaires disease- a lung disease discovered to be caused by an infected roof ac

57
Q

Discuss the virulence factors involved with legionnaire’s disease:

A

intracellular growth in alveolar macrophages (inhibits phagolysosomal fusion)

58
Q

Discuss the transmission of legionnaire’s disease:

A

aerosol from water sources (living inside amoeba) NO HUMAN-TO-HUMAN transmission

59
Q

Discuss symptoms of legionnaires’ disease:

A

severe pneumonia, and necrotic abscesses especially in immune compromised and eldery

60
Q

What is the mortality rate for legionnaires’ disease?

61
Q

List the gram stain and shape for listeria monocytogenes:

A

gram positive; coccobacilli

62
Q

Describe what listeria monocytogenes is resistant to:

A
  1. acid-resistant
  2. cold-resistant (psychrotolerant)
  3. salt resistant
63
Q

Listeria monocytogenes are cold resistant and grow in the temperatures range of:

A

1-45 degrees Celsius

64
Q

Because listeria monocytogenes are cold and acid resistant, give examples of conditions they are able to tolerate:

A
  1. refrigeration
  2. stomach acid
65
Q

Listeria monocytogenes are widespread in ___ and ____ but become pathogenic when ____.

A

soil & water; food-borne

66
Q

What is the means to how individuals acquire a listeria monocytogenes infection?

A

when pathogen becomes food borne

67
Q

Give examples of where listeria monocytogenes may be a food-borne pathogen:

A

processed meats or dairy like brie cheese

68
Q

Listeria monocytogenes are ____ meaning they can reside within enterocytes and macrophages:

A

facultatively intracellular

69
Q

Because listeria monocytogenes are facultatively intracellular they can reside within:

A
  1. enterocytes (columnar epithelial cells lining gut)
  2. macrophages
70
Q

Disease caused by infection with listeria monocytogenes:

A

listeriosis

71
Q

Listeriosis is rare with about _____ cases per year. Describe exposure:

A

2500; exposure is common and around 10% of people are asymptomatic carriers

72
Q

Describe the virulence factors of listeria monocytogenes:

A

listeriolysin O (a pore-forming toxin that allows phagosome escape)

73
Q

A pore forming toxin that allows for phagosome escape, seen in listeria monocytogenes:

A

listeriolysin O

74
Q

Listeria or other bacteria cross the mucous membrane into tissues by passing through:

75
Q

After listeria pass through M-cells to cross the mucous membrane they are:

A

engulfed by macrophages

76
Q

What occurs once listeria are engulfed by macrophages ?

A

The bacteria are released by macrophages and enter (toxins) and enter host cells by endocytosis

77
Q

How do listeria bacteria move from cell to cell?

A

polymerize actin to form filaments that propel them

78
Q

What is the problem with listeria getting into macrophages?

A

They can end up being passed from one cell to another cell hidden in the macrophage

79
Q

What is a concern with intracellular listeria monocytogenes in pregnant women?

A

The bacteria can be unknowingly transferred across the placenta

80
Q

When listeria monocytogenes are passed across the placenta and into the fetus, this can lead to:

A

fetal death due to brain abscess and meningitis

81
Q

Listeria ability to transmit from one cell to another without exposure to the exterior of the cell allows the bacteria to:

A

evade hosts humoral immune response

82
Q

In mutant listeria that lack _____, the oxidative burst in infected macrophages which is stimulated by ____, will eradicate the infection

A

lysteriolysin; CD4+ T-cell IFN-gamma

83
Q

In mutant listeria that lack lysteriolysin, the oxidative burst in infected macrophages which is stimulated by CD4+ T-cells IFN-gamma, will:

A

eradicate the infection

84
Q

In wild-type listeria, where the bacteria escape to the cytoplasm, the additional ____ action by ____ is required before the infection is eradicated

A

lytic action; CD8+ CTL’s

85
Q

In wild-type listeria, where bacteria escape to the cytoplasm, the additional lytic action by CD8+ CTL’s is:

A

required before the disease is eradicated

86
Q

Discuss the epidemiology of listeria monocytogenes:

A
  1. immune compromised
  2. neonates
  3. elderly
  4. pregnant women
  5. contaminated food

microbiology (24 decks)

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